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THE 

TRAVELLERS' HAND BOOK 

FOR THE 

STATE OF XrHW-TTORK 

AXD 

THE PROVINCE OF CANADA: 

CONTAINING 

;rief accounts of the towns, their public build- 
ings AND OTHER OBJECTS OF INTEREST — NATURAL 
AND ARTIFICIAL CURIOSITIES — HISTORICAL MEMO- 
RANDA-MODES OF CONVEYANCE— TABLES OF 
DISTANCES BY RAILROAD, CANAL, STAGE, 
AND RIVER ROUTES IN EVERY DIRECTION: 

THE WHOLE ARRANGED ON A NEW PLAN, 

T WHICH EVER'S INTERESTING OBJECf^T ON THE LEASING BOUTEB 
IS BROUGHT INTO VIEW. ^ V ') 

WITH MAPS, &c. 

SECOND EDITION. 



BY HT. S. TANNEK. 

NEW. YORK: 
PUBLISHED BY T. R. TANNER, 

AT THE GEOGRAPHICAL ESTABLISHMENT, 

IVo. 153 Broadway. 



1844. 



.Tlh 



Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1843, by H. S. Tanner, 
in the Clerk's office of the District Court for the Southern District of NeWe 
York. 






PREFACE. 



ALtnong the multitude of Guides, Directories 
and Tourists in which our book-stores abound, 
there is scarcely any that presents that syste- 
matic arrangement and perspicuity which are 
so desirable to the traveller and tourist. — 
Whilst most of the works now extant are re- 
plete with important and interesUng facts, they 
are, without exception, defective in point of ar- 
rangement, and in regard to the relative im- 
portance of the several objects brought into 
view. In the present work, an endeavor has 
been made so to digest its varied contents, as 
to enable the tourist to examine, seriatim, every 
object of interest along the route he may select, 
and thus to ascertain what is most deserving of 
bis attention: for example, assuming the city 
of Albany as one of the radiating points, a brief 
account of the city and its interesting objects, 
modes of conveyance, &;c. is given: then follow 
tables of distances from Albany to another point 
of departure — Utica, for instance — and then a 
concise description of each intermediate place 
of any importance, with directions to such cu- 



IV PREFACE. 

rioslties in and around each as should not be 
overlooked by an intelligent inquirer. In this 
inanner every leading route by railroad or 
otherwise, is concisely, and, it is hoped, satis- 
factorily treated. One of the most important 
featjares of the present work, is hrevity ; a 
quality that, we are sure, cannot fail to recom- 
mend it to the favorable attention of the travel- 
ler, who is, whilst in transitu, unable or at least 
unwilling to enter into those elaborate and fa- 
tiguing details, which disfigure most similar 
works. In conclusion, the authorhas sedulous- 
ly endeavored to construct such a work as he 
himself has often felt the want of whilst travel- 
ling, and such a one as would naturally sug- 
gest itself to the mind of any intelligent tra- 
veller. 



I 



®l)e ^xamikxB' j^an^ Book, 



General View. — The state of New- York extends 
over 4p of lat. and nearly 7° of longitude, the whole 
forming an outline of about 1,400 miles in length, which 
encloses an area of 49,000 square miles ; havingN. Ca- 
nada; W. Pennsylvania and Lakes Ontario and Erie ; 
S. Pennsylvania and New- Jersey ; and E. Connecti- 
cut, Massachusetts and Vermont. Its population, by 
the national census of 1840, was 2,428,921, as ful- 
lows : Albany County, f)8,593, of which Albany is the 
capital; Allegany, 40,975, cap. Angelica ; Broome, 
22,338, cap. Binghamton ; Cattaraugus, 23,872, 
cap. Ellicottsville ; Cayuga, 50,338, cap. Auburn ; 
Chatauq^ue, 47,975, cap. Mayville ; Chemung, 20,735, 
cap. Elmira ; Chenango, 40,785, cap. Norwich ; 
Clinton, 28 157, cap. Plattsburg ; Columbia, 43,252, 
cap. Hudson ; Cortland, 24,607, cap. Cortland ; De- 
laware, 35,396, cap. Delhi ; Dutchess, 52,398, cap. 
Poughkeepsie ; Erie, 62,465, cap. Buffalo; Essex, 
23,634, cap. Elizabeth; Franklin, 16,518, cap. Ma- 
lone ; Fulton, 18,049, cap. Johnstown ; Genesee, 
29,924, cap. Batavia ; Greene, 30,446, cap. Catskill ; 
Hamilton, 1,907, cap. Lake Pleasant ; Herkimer, 
37,474, cap. Herkimer ; Jefferson, 60,984, cap. 
Watertown ; Kings, 47,613, cap. Brooklyn; Lewis, 
17,830, cap. Martin^burg ; Livingston, 35,140, cap. 
Geneseo ; Madison, 40,008, cap. Morrisville ; Mon. 
roe, 64,902, cap. Rochester; Montgomery, 35,818, 
cap. Fonda; Niagara, 31,132, cap. Lockport; New- 
York, 312,710, cap. New-York ; Oneida, 85,310, 
cap. Utica ; Onondaga, 67,911, cap. Syracuse ; On. 
tario, 43,501, cap. Canandaigua; Orange, 50,739^ 

1» 



6 STATE OF JTEW-TORK. 

cap. Goshen ; Orleans, 25,127, cap. Albion ; Osw&w 
go, 43,619, cap. Pulaski ; Otsego, 49,628, cap. Coo- 
perstown; Putnam, 12,825, cap. Carmel ; Queens, 
30,324, cap. North Hempsted ; Rensselaer, 60,259, 
cap. Troy; Richmond, 10,965, cap. Richmond; 
Rtjckland, 11,975, cap. New City ; St. Lawrence, 
56,706, cap. Canton ; Saratov? a, 40,553, cap. Ballstoa 
Spa ; Schenectady 17,387, cap. Schenectady ; Sene- 
ca, 24,874. cap Ovid ; Steuben, 46,138, cap. Bath ; 
Suffolk, 33,469, cap. Riverhead ; Sullivan, 15.629, 
cap. Monticello ; Tioga, 20,527, cap. Owego ; Tomp= 
kins, 37,948. cap. Ithaca ; Ulster, 45,822, cap. Kings- 
ton ; Warren, 13,442, cap. Caldwell ; Washington, 
41,080, cap. Salem ; Wayne, 42.057, cap. Lyons ; 
Westchester, 48,686, capitol Bedford ; Wyoming, 
29,663, cap. Warsaw ; Yates, 20,444, cap. Pennyan. 

Physical Structure. — The state, intersected by 
several mountain chains, presents a great diversity of 
soil and climate. Though the western parts are less 
broken than those oi' the east and north, yet the en- 
tire surface, with partial exceptions, is either hilly op 
mountainous. 

The Hudson .flows from a mountainous region, and 
is precipitated into a deep valley, at or near its jiinc 
tion with the Mohawk. The Pludson valley is one 
of the most remarkable in the hydrography of the 
United States. From the Mohawk to Sandy Hook 
it may be regarded as a long narrow bay rather than 
a river. The banks are, for the most part, abrupt, 
rising in some places to the height cf 1200 or 1500 
feet ; in many parts precipitous, as at the palisades, a 
few miles above the city of New. York, and scarcely 
ever less than 100 or 200 feet above the surface of 
the river. The pass, known as the Highlands, is 
flacnked on both sides by enormous walls of nearly 
vertical rock, which presents every variety of form. 
The rude and deep valleys that intervene between 
the gigantic prominences, the dense and almost im- 
penetrable forests by which they are covered, and the 



STATE OF NEW-YORK. 7 

majestic grandeur of the mountain peaks, afford one 
of the most impressive landscapes to be found in na- 
ture. Here the great primitive ranges pass the Hud- 
son, and here only do the ocean tides penetrate into 
the vast interior plains of the United States. The 
ridges of which we are speaking, after leaving the 
Hudson, deflect towards the north, pass through 
Dutchess County into Massachusetts, thence into 
Vermont, where they are known as the " Green 
Mountains," and thence into Canada. 

The range forming the N. W. limits of Sullivan 
and Ulster, passes into Greene, where it attains 
its greatest elevation ; and thence through Schoharie, 
Otsego, Herkimer, and Montgomery, crosses the 
Mohawk by the Little Fails, enters Herkimer, as. 
snming the name of Sacondago, and finally crosses 
the St. Lawrence at the " Thousand Islands." One 
of the lateral ridges of this group extends towards the 
north, and attains to the height of upwards of 5.000 
feet: Mount Marcy, the culminating pomt, is said 
to be 5,467 feet high. The Catskill group, the next 
in point of elevation, rises to its greatest height a 
few miles west of the town of Catskill. Its principal 
peak, the Round Top, is 3,804, and Pine Orchard 
House, a celebrated place of resort, is 3,000 feet above 
the adjacent river. All the subordinate chains east 
of the Hudson pursue a course nearly north. 

Nearly the whole of the northern part of the state, 
comprehending Fulton, Warren, Essex, Hamilton, 
Herkimer and parts of Montgomery, Saratoga, Wash- 
ington, Clinton, Franklin, St. Lawrence, Lewis, and 
Oneida Counties, belongs to the primitive formation ; 
as does also the sou'.h eastern portion, embracing parts 
of Orange, Ulster, Greene, i utnam, Dutchess, Colum- 
bia, Rensselaer, and some other counties. These two 
groups are separated by an elongated deposit of sedi- 
mentary rocks. The first mentioned is flanked rn the 
S. E. by a spur of the lower transition ; on the N. E. by 
tertiary, and on all sides by transition rocks. It is 



8 STATE OF NEW-YORK. 

composed of granite, gneiss, primitive limestone, hy- 
persthene, serpentine and sienite : these, with the 
addition of mica and talcose slates, form the second 
group. With some exceptions the remaining por- 
tions of the state maj^ be referred to the transition 
and the old red sandstone series. The first is com- 
posed of sandstone, shales, limestone grit, salt, gyp- 
sum, iron ore, conglomerates, &c. ; and the latter of 
micaceous shales of various hues, sandstones, con- 
glomerates, trap, grits, &c. The Catskill Moun- 
tains occupy the principal field of the old red sand- 
stone, v^'hich is here largely developed. These 
several formations abound in their appropriate mine- 
rals and fossils. In the primitive are fouod iron ore 
in great abundance, both magnetic and specular ox- 
ides ; ores of copper, lead, and zinc have been found, 
but, with partial exceptions, have not been wrought 
to much advantage. In the transition rocks are 
found salt in solution, which is manufactured to a 
great extent, chiefly in Onondaga county* gypsum, 
water lime, argillaceous oxide of iron, hmonite, mar- 
ble, several varieties, silicious sandstone, a valuable 
material for building ; slates and red sandstone of va- 
rious textures. Peat and marl are more generally dif- 
fused. The principal fossil remains of this group are 
the atrypas, bellerophon, calymene, isotelus, &c. 

The plains of New- York are few in number, and 
limited in extent : the principal are, one on the east, 
ern end of Long Island ; a long narrow strip on the 
south side of Lake Ontario; a few alluvial bottoms 
along some of the streams, and in the elevated table 
lands of the mountain region. The principal Lakes 
are, Ordario and Erie, the former of which is com- 
mon to New. York and Canada, and the latter to N. 
York, Ohio, Canada, and Michigan ; Lake Cham, 
plain, which forms a part of the boundary between 
New- York and Vermont ; Lake George, a tributary 
of the preceding ; ^ZacA; Lake ; Oneida hake ; Cay. 
vga Lake ; Seneca, Canandaigua, Skaneateles, and 



STATE OF >'EW-YORK. 9 

Crooked Lakes, near the centre of the state ; Chaii- 
tauque, Long, Owasco, Racket, Otsego, &c. The 
Bivers consist of the Hudson, which rises in the 
northern part of the state, runs in a general S. E. 
course to Sandy Hill, and thence due S. to its dis- 
charge into the Atlantic Ocean, 340 miles in length. 
The Mohawk, which unites withthe Hudson a few 
miles above Albany, is the only branch of the latter 
worthy of notice, 150 miles. The St. Lawrence 
washes the N. W. quarter of the state for about 100 
miles, forming the boundary between New- York and 
Canada west. 

The chief affluents of this portion of the St. Law- 
rence are, — Racket, 145, Osioegaichie, 140, and 
Black Rivers, 125 miles in length ; which rise in the 
high grounds near the sources of the Hudson. Those 
of Lake Ontario are, Oswego and Genesee, 150 miles 
in length ; and of Lake Erie, Buffalo Creek, 40 miles 
lonsr. Ti'C southern portion of the State is watered 
by the sources of the Delaware and Susquehanna, 
rivers of the Atlantic, and those of the Alleghany; 
which flows into the Ohio at Pittsburg, Pa. The 
minor rivers are, — Beaver, Canisteo, Chateaugay, 
Grass, Indian, St. Regis, Sacondaga, &c. 

Islands. — Long and Staten Islands; the former 
about 150 miles long, and of a mean breadth of 18 
miles; and the latter 18 by 12 miles, are situated in 
the S. E. quarter of the State ; and Grand Island, in 
the Strait of Niagara. 

The Water Falls are those of Niagara, Trenton^ 
Genesee, Cohoes, &c.; all which will be described 
hereafter. 

Railways. — The principal Railways, finished or 
in the course of execution, are : — 

1. The New York and Erie ; from Tappan, (now 
called Piermont,) on the Hudson, 25 miles above 
Now- York, to Dunkirk, on the eastern shore of Lake 
Erie, 4-15 miles. 

2. Mohawk and Hudson ; from Albany to Sche= 
ncciady, 16 miles. 



10 STATE OF NEW-YORK. 

3. Utica and Schenectady^ 77 miles. 

4. Syracuse and Utica, 53 miles. 

5. Auburn and Syracuse, 26 miles. 

6. Auburn and Rochester, 78 miles. 

7. Tonawanda; from Rochester to Attica, 42 miles. 

8. Attica and Buffalo, 31 miles. 

The Railways numbered from 2 to 8, inclusive, 
form a continuous line from Albany to Buffalo ; 
whence tJiere is a railway, 23 miles in length, to 
Niagara Falls. 

9. Albany and West Stockbridge ; from Green- 
bush, on the Hudson, opposite Albany, to West 
Stockbridge, in Massachusetts, 38 miles. 

This work, in connection with the Western and 
the Boston and Worcester railways, of Massachu- 
setts, form an uninterrupted railway from Albany 
to Boston. 

10. Hudson and Berkshire ; a branch of the pre- 
ceding, 34 miles in length. 

11. Saratoga and Schenectady, 22 miles. This, 
with No. 2, constitutes the line from Albany to Sa- 
ratoga Springs. 

12. Eensselaer and Saratoga; from Troy to BalL 
ston, Spa., where it intersects No. 11. 

13. Schenectady and Troy, 20 miles. 

14. Catskill and Cancijoharie, 78 miles. 

15. Ithaca and Owego, 28 miles. 

16. Corning and Blossburg ; from Corning, on 
the Susquehanna, to Blossburg, Pa. 

17. Lockport and Niagara Falls, 24 miles. — 
(Travellers on the Erie Canal, destined for the Falls, 
take the cars at Lockport.) 

18. Skaneateles ; from Skaneateles to Elbridge, 
5i miles. 

19. New-York and Harlem; from New York to 
White Plains, 28 miles. 

Canals. — 1. E'ie; from Albany through Sche- 
nectady, Utica, Rome, Montezuma, Rochester, and 
JE^ockpcrt, to Buftalo, 363 miles. 



STATE OF NEW-YORK. 11 

2. Champlain ; branches offfrom the Erie Canal, 8 
miles from Albany, and extends to Whitehall, on 
Lake Champlain, 64 miles. Glenn's Falls feeder 
12 miles. 

3. Black River; also a branch of No. 1, from 
Rome to the High Falls of Black River, in Oneida 
and Lewis counties, 36 m. Boonville Feeder 10 m. 

4. Cayuga and Seneca; from Geneva to Monte- 
zuma, 23 miles. 

5. Chenango; a branch of No. 1, from Utica to 
Binghamton, 97 miles. 

6. Genesee Valley; a branch of No. 1, from Ro- 
chester to Olean, on the Alleghany river, 108 miles. 
Dansvillc Branch 12 miles. 

7. Oswego ; a branch of No. 1, from Syracuse to 
Oswego, on Lake Ontario, 38 miles. 

8. Hudson and Delaware; from Eddyville, near 
Kingston, on the Hudson, to Honesdale, Pa., 108 
miles. 

9. Chemung; from Jefferson, at the head of Sen- 
eca Lake, to Elmira, on the Tioga branch of the 
Susquehanna, 23 miles. Feeder from Fairport to 
Corning, 16 miles. 

10. Crooked Lake; from Penn Yan to Dresden, 
8 miles. 

Cities and Chief Towns — New York, the great 
Metropolis, 312,710 inhabitants; Brooklyn, 36,283; 
Albany, 33,721; Rochester, 20,191; Troy. 19,334; 
Buffalo, 18,213; Utica, 12,782; Poughkeepsie, 
10,006; Lockport, 9,125; Newhurgh, 8,933; Sche- 
nectady, 6,784; Plattshurg, 6,416; Auburn, 5,626; 
Ithaca, 5,650; Catskill, 5,339; Williamsburg, 
5,094 ; Osicego, 4,665 ; Geneva, 4,368 ; Batavia, 
4,219 ; Saratoga Springs, 3,384. 

Government. — The Governor and Lieutenant Gov- 
ernor are elected every two years. The latter is Pre- 
sident of the Senate^ which consists of 32, and the 
House of Assembly of 128 members. The former 
are elected for fQur years and the latter for one year. 



is STATE OF NEW-YORK. 

For the election of Senators the State is divided 
into eight districts, each of which chooses four Sen- 
ators, one of whom is elected every year. The mem- 
bers of the Lower House are elected by counties, 
and are apportioned according to population. The 
general election is held in October or November, as 
the Legislature may direct, which meets on the first 
Tuesday in January. 

The Chmcellor and Judges are appointed by the 
Governor and Senate. The former, and the Justi- 
ces of the Supreme and Circuit Courts, hold their of- 
fices during wood behavior, but not after they attain 
the age of sixty years. The Judges of the County 
Courts hold their offices for a term of five years. 

The right of suffrage is accorded to every white 
male who has attained the age of 21 years, and resi- 
ded in the State on 3 year next preceding the election, 
and six months in the county. Men of color who 
possess an unencumbered freehold estate of the value 
of ^250 are entitled to vote. 

History. — The leading features in the early His- 
tory of this now important State is the navigation of 
the Hudson, in 1609, by Henry Hudson, an English- 
man, in the service of the Dutch East India Com- 
pany. Settlements on the river soon followed, when 
Fort Orange (Albany) was erected. 

In 1612 settlements were made by Dutch emi- 
grants on Manhattan Island, chiefly along its southern 
shore, to which they gave the name of " New Amster- 
dam." The colony, under the title of the " New 
Netherlands," soon began to flourish, and accord- 
ingly attracted the attention of the Enghsh, who now 
claimed a prior right to the country, but ultimately 
relinquished the claim, when the New Netherland- 
ers were permitted to enlarge their settlements with, 
out further disturbance at that time. They were, 
however, greatly annoyed by the Swedes on the Del- 
aware and the EngUsh settlers in the East, with 
whom border contests were of frequent occurrence. 



STATE O^ r?EW-YORK. 13 

One of the results of this condition of things was the 
relinquishment of a part of Long Island to the En- 
g'ish, in 1650. Stimulated by this important acquis 
sition, the Enghsh renewed their ciaim, and in 1664 
the entire country was granted to the Duke of York 
and Albany, by his brother, King Charles II. The 
Dutch, unable to resist the force sent against them, 
surrendered to Colonel Nichols, who at once assumed 
the government, and changed the name of the Prov- 
ince to New York. Ln 1673, during the contest with 
the Enghsh, the Dutch regained possession of the 
colony ; but, on the termination of hostilities, in the 
following year, was restored to the English, with 
whom it continued until wrested from them by the 
revolution of 1776. In 1683 the first Colonial As- 
sembly met and assumed the exclusive power of 
enacting laws and levying taxes. During the revolu- 
tion, which succeeded the accession of the Duke of 
York to the throne of England, the Colonists took 
forcible possession of the fort, and declared for the 
Prince of Orange ; and Jacob Leisler, a prominent 
leader in the movement, assumed the office of Gov- 
ernor. He maintained his authority for a time against 
all opposition ; but, owing to his arbitrary and unjust 
|)roceedings, was, after several bloody conflicts, com- 
pelled to surrender the government into the hands of 
Colonel Slaughter, who had been appointed Gover- 
nor by King William ; and who caused Leisler to be 
apprehended. He and one of his accomplices, na- 
med Milbourne, were executed soon after ; though, 
as it appears, contrary to the intentions of the Gover- 
nor, who designed to pardon them. Nothing of mo- 
ment occurred to disturb the Colonists during the 
period from the revolution in England, in 1688, down 
to 1741, when they were thrown into great alarm by 
a supposed plot of the blacks to burn the city ; which, 
however, appears to have been unfounded. 

In 1765 the City of New York was the seat of a 
Continental Congress, and in 1776 it was occupied 



14 CITY OF NEW-YORK. 

by the British, who retained possession until Novem- 
ber 25, 1783. In 1785 Congress met here, and in 
1789 the first Congress undeV the new Constitution 
assembled, when the first President was inaugurated 
in New. York. 

During the contests with the French in Canada, 
and the more recent wars between the Americans 
and British, New York became the field of important 
conflicts ; and the entire State may hence be regarded 
as classic ground. Some brief accounts of those con- 
flicts will be given hereafter, in their appropriate 
places. 

Education. — There are, in the State, several insti- 
tutions, estabhshed by law for the promotion of know- 
ledge ; the chief of which are : — ■ 

A State University, located in the city ; Univer- 
sity of the City of New York; Union College, in 
Sciienectaday ; Hamilton College, in Oneida County; 
Geneva College, to which a Medical Department is 
attached ; College of Physicians and Surgeons, in 
the city; Albany Medical College; New York In- 
stitution for the Deaf and Dumb, a few miles above 
the city ; Institution for the Blind. There are, also, 
distributed over the State, 140 Academies and a vast 
number of Common or Primary Schools. The fund 
for the support of the latter exceeds ^2,000,000. 



CITY OF NEW YORK. 

New- York, the Metropolis of the State, and the 
most populous, wealthy, and commercial city of the 
Union, is situated at the confluence of the Hudson 
and East rivers, on one of the finest harbors in the 
country ; in N. Lat. 40^ 42^ 40^^ and E. Long. 2° 
54' 30^' from the Capitol, at Washington ; having E. 
the strait called East river, which separates it from 



CITY OF ■NEW-TORK. 15 

Long Island and unites the bay of New York with, 
Long Island. sound ; W. the Hudson, which forms 
a part of the boundary between the States of New. 
York and New. Jersey ; S. New-York bay ; N. Spuy- 
ten Duyvel creek and Harlem river. 

The city, properly so called, or that portion of the 
island where the population is mostly concentra. 
ted, occupies the southern quarter of Manhattan or 
New- York is'and ; the whole of which, including 
the villages of Harlem, Bloomingdale, Yorkville, and 
Manhattanville, together with some adjacent islands, 
are under the exclusive jurisdiction of the City Cor- 
poration, and constitute the County of New. York. 
According to the census of 1840, the city, with the 
suburbs just mentioned, contained 312,710 inhab. 
itants. The population at this time, (September, 
1843), no doubt exceeds 350,000. The dehsely built 
part of the island, or " the city," has an outline of 
nearly *12 miles in length. The principal street, 
Broadway, in which most of the retail fancy business 
is transacted, is a splendid street, 80 feet in width, 
extending northward from tho Battery to Union Park, 
a distance of nearly three miles. 

Nearly the whole of the lower part of the city is 
devoted to commerce and its kindred pursuits ; and, 
since the establishment of omnibuses, which now 
traverse every part of the city, merchants and others 
doing business in that quarter have their residences 
in the upper or more modern portion of the town. 

The streets in the old part of the city arc mostly ir- 
regular and narrow ; but those of a more recent date 
are generally straight, wide, and well paved, and in- 
tersect each other at right angles. 

In the early stages of the city, narrow, inconve- 
nient and ill paved streets, lined with dull, heavy look, 
ing buildings, were its characteristic features ; but so 
great is the alteration in these respects, that at pre- 
sent but few cities can boast of wider or handsomer 
streets, more sumptuous public buildings, or better 
constructed and splendid private dwellings. 



16 CITY OF KliV.-YORK. 

Wall.street is almost exclusively occupied by the 
Banks, Brokers, and others engaged in fiscal opera-; 
lions; Pearl-street, by the Dry Goods aftd Hardware 
Merchants ; Front-street, by the Wholesale Grocers, 
Commission ?vlerchants, &,c.; and iSouth-street, by 
persons engaged in Foreign Commerce. The Third 
Avenue, a continuation of the Bowery, is the prin- 
cipal outlet towards the N. E. It is Macadamized 
as far as Harlem, a distance of about 7 miles, and is 
one of the finest paved ways in the country. Fourth, 
Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, and Eighth Avenues are wide, 
handsome, and partially paved. 

New- York is supphed with an abundance of excel- 
lent water, by means of a capacious aqueduct, which 
conveys the water of the Croton river, a branch of 
the Hudson, a distance of nearly 42 miles. This 
magnificent work, which has been effected chiefly 
through the exertions of the Corporation and the pub- 
He spirit of the citizens, will have cost, when<entirely 
completed, not less than ^12,000,000. (For an 
elaborate description of the Croton Aqueduct, see 
Tanner's Account of the Internal Improvements of 
the United States.) 

There are two Gas Companies, which supply gas, 
not only to the streets, shops, and factories, but alsa 
to many private dwellings. 

Besides the Park, Union Square, &lc., which will 
be noticed presently, there are several other public 
walks in various parts of the city, as. Washington 
Square, near the University j Tompkins' Square, in 
the N. E. quarter of the city ; University Flace, Si. 
John^s Park, &c. 

New- York Bay, the recipient of the noble Hudson, 
communicates with the Atlantic ocean by three dis- 
tinct channels, to wit: — one by the "Narrows," at 
the point of nearest contact of Long and Staten isl- 
ands, which conducts into what is termed the Lower 
Bay, and thence past Sandy Hook and the S. W. end 
pf Long Island into the ocean ; one through Kill Van 



CttT OF NKW YORK. 17 

Kuhl, or " the Kills," Staten island sound, and Am- 
boy ba)', and one through the East river and Long 
island sound ; which form a navigable communica- 
tion between the city and the populous towns on the 
shores of Long island, Connecticut, and Rhode isl- 
and. The first is used almost exclusively by vessels 
engaged in the foreign trade, and those destined for a 
southern port. The Hudson, one of the finest nav- 
igable streams in the world, affords an uninterrupted 
water communication with the towns of Newburg, 
Poughkeepsie, Catskill, Hudson, Albany, Troy, &c., 
and through them with a vast extent of country in 
every direction. There are several small islands in 
the bay, belovv^ the city ; which, with their castles and 
forts, give additional beauty to the scene. No spec, 
tacle can be finer than that presented by the harbor, 
thus studded with green islands, when viewed in con- 
nection with the city, wilh its lofty spires, domes, and 
shipping. The high grounds on Staten Island and 
those of Brooklyn afford such a view. 

The Battery, an enclosure which is situated on 
the extreme southern point of the island, forms one 
of the most delightful promenades of the city. It is 
a place of great resort, and is occasionally used by 
the military, on gala days. " Castle Garden," a sort 
of appendage of the Battery, with which it com tiiuni- 
cates by a draw-bridge, is also much frequented. 

The Boioling Green, a small oval area, near the 
Battery, has recently become an object of attention, 
in consequence of the erection of a beautiful fountain 
in its centre. The arrangement of the jets is admi- 
rable : they are so distributed as to represent, on one 
side of the rocky mound, from which the water is 
ejected, an unbroken fall of 12 or 15 feet in height; 
and on the other, a succession of tiny cascades ; 
forming, altogether, one of the most tasty ornaments 
of this city of fountains. The beauty of this foun- 
tain is greatly enhanced when illuminated at night ; 
for which purpose gas lamps are stationed around 
the b ISC of the rocks. 2* 



18. CITY OF NEW-YORK. 

Passing up Broadway, the next object worthy of 
attention is Trinity Church, now erecting. Its exte- 
terior walls are composed of an highly indurated sand- 
stone, chiseled and wrought in the most admirable 
style. Its depth, from front to rear, is 189 feet, width 
84, height 64, and height of the spire 264 feet. It 
will, no doubt, be a magnificent structure. 

The City Hotel, the next extensive building, is at 
the corner of Cedar-street and Broadway. 

A short distance above the City Hotel, at the corner 
of Broadway aad Fulton streets, stands St. PauVs 
Church, one of the finest buildings in the city, with 
a spire 234 feet in height. On the right, and nearly 
ppposite St. Paul's, commences the Park, another 
public walk, also decorated with a fountain. The 
Park is a triangular field, surrounded by an iron' rail- 
ing, and ornamented by trees, paved walks, &c. 

It contains the City Hall, one of the most splen- 
did and extensive buildings in the city. It is 216 in 
front, 105 in depth, and 65 feet in height. The front 
and ends, as well as tlie outer columns, are of white 
marble. The rear wall is composed of the red sand- 
stone, so common here. Tlie original cost of this 
structure was upwards of ^500,000. It is occupied 
by the city councils and courts of law. The gover- 
nor of the state, for the time being, has an audience 
chamber in the second story, which is decorated 
with portraits of distinguished Americans. The Me- 
chanics^ Institute holds its meetings in one of the, 
basement rooms of the City Hall, and the American 
Institute, in a building in the rear of the Hall, for- 
merly occupied as the County Alms-house. 

On the east side of Broadway, nearly opposite the 
south entrance of the Park, is Clinton Hall, the upper 
rooms of which are occupied by the American Mu. 
seuvi, and others by the Mercantile Library, consist, 
ing of 23,000 volumes. 

Proceeding up Broadway a few steps above St. 
Paul's Church, the Astor House presents itself. This 



CITY OF NEW-YORK. 19 

is an immense hotel, built by J. J. Astor, and is 
justly regarded as one of the best in the city. A 
short distance above the Astor, on the same side of 
Broadway, is Peale^s Museum, and about half a 
mile further on, is the Academy of Design, and New- 
York Society Library, both in the same building, 
which is situated at the corner of Broadway and 
Leonard-street, and in which the annual exhibitions 
of the Academy are held. The library consists of 
40,000 volumes. A commodious Heading Room is 
connected with this institution. I'he Lyceum of 
Natural History next presents itself in Broadway, 
near Prince-street. The object of this institution is 
to promote physical science in all its relations. The 
Academy is rich in specimens in the various depart, 
ments of Natural History, which are admirably ar- 
ranged. At the intersection of the Bowery, Broad- 
way, and the Fourth Avenue, is Union Park, a 
beautiful promenade with a magnificent fountain. — 
In the distance from the Battery to Union Park seve- 
ral other handsome churches, some splendid private 
mansions and hotels, in no way inferior to those just 
mentioned, will arrest the attention of the stranger. 
Among the latter are — 

Philadelphia Hotel, where the steamboats land, 
foot of Battery Place — Battery Hotel, corner of Bat- 
tery Place and Greenwich street ; connected with 
the above — Atlantic Hotel ; to which is attached a 
splendid garden, where music is to be heard every 
evening — promenade and refreshments ; opposite the 
Bowling Green and Fountain — Bunker'' s Mansion 
House; a quiet, orderly, home-hke Hotel — Blan- 
card's Globe Hotel — St. George's Hotel; similar to 
the above — Waverly House, corner of Exchange 
Place and Broadway — Tremont Temperance House, 
corner of Pine-street and Broadway — Croton Hotel; 
also on the temperance plan, 148 Broadway — Cafe 
Tortoni; conducted by Mr. Bardotte, in the style of 
a similar house in Paris. The next object worthy of 



20 CITY OF NEW-YORK. 

a traveller's attention is the Map Establishment of 
T. R. Tanner, 15S Broadway, west side ; where they 
can be supphed with all traveling works published in 
this country ; maps, guide and geographical works — » 
Howard House; first class hotel, corner of Maiden 
Lane and Broadv/ay ; a fine prominent building — 
Franklin House, corner of Dey-'=;treet and Broadway; 
also an excellent Hotel — American Hotel, corner of 
Barclay-street and Broadway; conducted by Mr. 
Cozzens, so well known at the Military Academ.y, 
West Point. This hotel is a resort of the officers of 
the Army and Navy — Washington Hotel, corner of 
Reade-street and Broadway — Athenceum Hotel, cor- 
ner of Leonard-street and Broadway — Carlton House, 
corner of Leonard-street and Broad v\'ay. 

As Broadway abounds in objects of interest, this 
may be regarded as the leading route for strangers in 
viewing the city, we shall now proceed to describe 
or point out such other objects in the several quarters 
of the city as may seem to deserve notice. 

Custom Hou^e, at the corner of Nassau and Wail 
streets. This is built in imitation of the Parthenon at 
Athens. Its exterior walls are of white marble, and 
the whole edifice is so constructed, inside and out, as 
to be entirely fire proof. Each front contains an en- 
tablature, with several Doric columns of white marble. 
The business hall is circular, and surmounted by a 
dome which is supported by 16 Corinthian columns, 
30 feet in height. The entire leng»h of the building 
is 200 feet, breadth 90, and height 80 feet. It was 
erected by order of the General Government, at a 
cost of $1,175,000. 

Merchants^ Exchange, in Wall-street, occupies the 
site^ofa similar structure, which was destroyed by fire 
a few years since. Its front on Wall-street is 200 feet, 
depth 171 and height 77 feet: from its base to the 
vertex of the dome, 124 feet. It is constructed 
throughout of granite, brought from Quincy, in Mas- 
sachusetts. The front recess is decorated with 18 



CITY or NEW-rORK. 21 

Ionic columns, each formed of a single block of 
granite, 38 feet in height and 4§ feet in diameter. — • 
The Rotunda, or Exchange Room, is 100 in diame- 
ter, and 90 feet high : it contains 8 Corinthian co- 
lumns, of Italian marble, each 41 feet high and 4| 
feet in dianleter. The Exchange was built by ajoint 
stock company, at an expense of §' 1,800,000. 

HuU of Justice, corner of Centre and Leonard 
streets, is a remarkable structure, composed of gra- 
nite. It occupies an area in common with the City 
Prison, or Lock-up House, 253 by 200 feet, and is 
built in the Egyptian style. The Criminal Courts 
hold their sessions in this building, which, with its 
adjunct, the City Prison, are belter known among the 
citizens as " the tombs." 

Columbia College, opposite Park Place, founded 
in 1754, 

NeicYork Univcisiiy, situated opposite the east 
side of Washiijgiun Square, is a Gothic edifice 180 
feet in front arid lUO deep. It consists of a main 
building, with wings and towers at each corner. An 
immense window of stained glass decorates the front, 
and forms one of its most striking features. The 
Historical Society, with its library of 12,000 vo- 
lumes, occupies rooms in the University buildings. 

Next to this is the beautiful Gothic Church, occupi- 
ed by a congregation of the Dutch Reformed denomi- 
nation, in charge of the Rev. Mr. Hutton. 

Among the multitude of churches (upwards of 170) 
distributed through the city, the following deserve spe- 
cial notice from their architectural beauty : Trinity 
Churck,in Broadway, opposite Wall St.; a magnificent 
Gothic Structure — St. JPauVs, corner of Broadway 
and Fulton street — Dutch Reformed, near the Univer- 
sity — St. John's Chapel, opposite St. John's Park — St. 
Patrick's Cathedral — Churchof the Messiah — Church 
of the Ascension — French Protestant Church,Bxoom& 
street — Baptist Church — St. Luke's Church, Hudson 
street — St. Peter's, Barclay street — St. Tho7ncis 



22 CITY OF NEW-YORK. 

Church, a'gothic church, corner of Houston-street 
and Broadway — Unitarian Church, Mercer-street. 

There are some rural Cemeteries in and near the 
city. That of Greenwood, in Brooklyn, is distin- 
guished for the beauty of its scenery and the taste dis- 
played in the arrangement of its numerous avenues. 

The principal Benevolent Institutions are : — 

Ncio- York Hospital, in Broadway — Alms-house 
and House of Refuge, at Bellevue — Asylumfor the In. 
sane Poor, on Blackwell's Island — Lunatic Asylum 
and Orphans' Asylum, at Bloomingdale, 5 miles north 
of the city — Marine Hospital — Seaman's Retreat and 
Sailors'' Snug Harbor, on Staten Island — Z7. S. Naval 
Hospital, Brooklyn — Institution for the Blind, 8th 
avenue — Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, 50th 
street, 3 miles from the City Hall — Orphans'' Asy. 
lum, in 12th street — Roman Catholic Orphans^ -Asy. 
lum, Prince. street — New-York Dispensary and the 
Northern Dispensary, supply the indigent with med. 
icines and medical advice gratuitously — Long Isl- 
and Farms, a branch of the Alms-house, established 
for the instruction and maintenance of pauper child, 
ren. Besides these there are several Benevolent So- 
cieties, for the reHef of distressed foreigners of every 
description; Bible and Tract Societies ; Missionary, 
Sunday School, and Education Associations, &c., &c. 

Places OF Amusement. — In addition to six regular 
Theatres, in various parts of the city, there are sev- 
eral Pubhc Gardens, where musical and drarriatic en- 
tertainments are occasionally given : Niblo's, Vaux- 
hall, and Castle Gardens are the prinofpal. 

By the aid of the omnibuses, hacks, and cabs, 
which may be found at any m.oment, a stranger may 
be conveyed to any part of the city or adjoining vil- 
lages at a small expense. Passage to any part of 
the state, and indeed to any part of the world, is af. 
forded almost daily, by the innumerable railroads, 
stages, steamboats, or sailing vessels, which are con- 
stantly departing from the city in every direction. 



ENVIRONS OF NEW- YORK. 

The principal place in the vicinity of New York 
is Brooklyn, finely situated on Long Island, opposite 
ihe S. E. side of the city. 

It is an incorporated city of King's county, with 
36,283 inhabitants. The streets, with some excep. 
tions, intersect each other at right angles, and are 
generally wide and well paved. 

Its commanding situation, salubrious atmosphere, 
and commodious buildings, have induced a vast num- 
ber of persons doing business in New York to locate 
themselves here. The means of communication af. 
forded by steam ferry-boats, which are constantly ply- 
ing between the two cities, and scarcely ever take 
more than four minutes in crossing, make it more 
convenient to many persons to reside at Brooklyn than 
in the upper parts of the city. Hence, the rapid in- 
crease of lirooklyn ; which, in 1810, contained only 
4,402 inhabitants. Besides the usual county build- 
ings there are, within the corporate limits of Brooklyn, 
32 Churches, belonging to various denominations, 3 
Banks, 3 Insurance Companies, a Lyceum, a hand- 
some structure of granite ; City Library and Reading- 
room, and some other Literary Instiuttions. The U. 
(S- have a Navy Yard on Wallabout Bay, in the east- 
ern part of the city, to which a Naval Lyceum is at- 
tached. The Naval Hospital stands a few hundred 
yards E. from the yard. Greenwood Cemetery, of 
which we have before spoken, is situated in the south- 
ern quarter, and Colonade Garden on the heights. 

On the " Heights of Brooklyn," near which the 
Americans were defeated with immense loss on the 
27th August, 1776, may yet be seen the vestiges of 
military works constructed in the early stages of the 
American Revolution. 

The remains of 11,000 Americans, who perished 
on board the British prison ships during the contest, 
now repose beneath the banks of the Wallabout. 

Williamsburg. — A recently built town, situated 
on the East river, N. E. of Brooklyn, and opposite 



S4 ENVIRONS OF NE>V-YORK. 

the S. E. part of New York, with which it has fre^ 
quent communication, by means of several steam 
ferry-boats. Population by the census of 1840, 
5,094. Its chief buildings are, a town hall, 7 churches, 
and the usual proportion of factories and work-shops, 
together with some handsome and tasty private 
dwellings. 

Astoria. — A flourishing village of Queen's County, 
6 miles N. E. from New- York. It has a population 
of about 750 ; 4 churches, an academy, several thri- 
ving factories, and an extensive botanic garden. It 
occupies a beautiful position on Long Island sound, 
near that remarkable whirlpool, called by the Dutch, 
Helle Gat, " Hell Gate" and by the more refined, 
" Hurl Gate." Astoria is one of the favorite summer 
residences of the New-Yorkers. 

Middletown. — A small village of Long Island", con^ 
sisting of 15 or 20 buildings; situated 3 miles S. E. 
from Astoria. 

Newtown. — A clever little town of Queen's county, 
5 miles E.N. E. from Williamsburg ; containing 500 
or 600 inhabitants, 4 churches, and the usual pro» 
portion of taverns, stores, and factories. 

Flushing. — An incorporated town of Long Island^ 
situated on Flushing bay, an arm of Long Island 
sound. Population about 2,000. This is the seat 
of several hterary institutions, as St. Paul's College, 
St. Thomas' Hall, St. Ann's Hall, &c. The Lin- 
naean Botanic Garden is hei*e. These, and other 
advantages, render Flushing one of the most attrac- 
tive places of resort on the island. It is about 10 
miles distant from New York. 

Jamaica. — A large and well built town of Queen's 
county, 11 miles from Brooklyn, with a population, 
according to the late census, of 1 650. Its chief build- 
ings, besides those of the county, are 5 churches, 1 
academy, 8 hotels and taverns, and several manufac- 
tories of pianos and carriages, 2 printing offices, &c. 
The Long Island Railroad Company have a large 



ENVIRONS OF NEW-YORK. 25 

depot and machine shop here. Constant communi- 
cation with Brooklyn, Flushing, Hempstead, Rocka= 
way, &.C., is afforded by the railroad or stages, which 
ply in all directions. Jamaica Bay, 5 miles S. from 
the town, abounds in wild fowl, oysters, clams, «&c. 

Rockaxoay Beach. — A celebrated watering place, 
on the shore of the Atlantic Ocean, 22 miles S. E. 
from New-York. 

There are, in addition to the '• Marine Pavilion" 
and " Rock Hall," both well kept, several private 
establishments ; where, wnth less parade and show 
of style, the invalid may enjoy the refreshing sea air 
and bath in their utmost perfection, and at a moderate 
e^ense ; whilst those who inhabit the former are 
expected, and expect, to pay liberally for their ex- 
travagant accommodations. 

Bedford — A small village of King's county, 2 
miles E. from Brooklyn, 

Flatbush — A neat village of King's county, 4 
miles S. E. from Brooklyn ; containing an academy, 
2 churches, and about 450 inhabitants. Near this 
village, in August, 1776, was fought the disastrous 
and memorable battle of Long Island, between the 
American and British forces. 

Neio Utrecht — A small village, situated about 1 
mile from the shore of the Atlantic, and 7 miles of 
Brooklyn. It contains some 35 buildings, work 
shops, and about 200 inhabitants. About one mile 
South from New Utrecht is Bath; situated on the 
verge of the ocean, which is much frequented during 
the summer months for sea bathing. It consi'sts of 
little else than the Hotel and its appendages. 

Gravesend. — A village situated 2 miles S. E. of 
Bath and 8 from Brooklyn. 

Coney Island. — Also a bathing place of great re= 
sort, forms a part of Gravesend township. 

Fort Hamilton — This fortress, which, in connec- 
tion with forts Lafayette and Tompkins, commands 
the Narrows, is situated on the western end of Long 

3 



26 



ENVIRONS OF NEW-TORK< 



Island, and about 8 miles nearly due South from New 
York. A small assemblage of houses has grown up 
around it, including 1 church and an extensive 
boarding house. It has recently become a place of 
fashionable resort, chiefly for the convenience of sea 
bathing. 

New Brighton. — A village of country seats, erected 
for the accommodation of some of the " best Society " 
of New. York. It occupies the most northern point of 
Staten Island, at the entrance of the •' Kills," which 
separate the island from the Jersey shore. The town 
plot, which for the most part is the result of expensive 
excavation, descends rapidly from the base of the 
adjoining hills, and the buildings range in a line with, 
and at nearly an equal distance from, the margin 
of New. York bay. The situation is very fine, com. 
manding a view of the bay, with its islets, the city. 
Long Island, «fec. The houses, with their white 
fronts arid massive columns, present a beautiful ap. 
pearance from the water. There are 2 extensive 
hotels and several boarding houses. Population 
about 400. A short distance to the West stands the 
Sailors' Snug Harbor ; a sort of Greenwich Hospital, 
or Asylum for superannuated mariners. It consists of 
a large building, v/ith wings, so arranged as to accom- 
modate a large number of inmates. Two miles east 
of Brighton Ues the Quarantine Ground, the Marine 
Hospital, and Tompkinsville. The latter is a large 
town, containing upwards of 1,400 inhabitants, 3 
churches, several hotels, and beautifully situated on 
the high ground in the rear of Fort Tompkins. At- 
tached to the Quarantine establishment are, the Ma- 
rine Hospital, for the reception of patients afflicted 
with contagious diseases ; a Yellow Fever Hospi- 
tal ; a Small Fox Hospital ; besides several other 
buildings, for the Physician, Health Officers, and 
others. 

Steamboats leave the lower part of the city every 
hour during the day for New Brighton, the Quaran- 
tine Ground, and Tompkineville. 



ENVIROJfS OF I?EW-TORK. 27 

Jersey City. — On the West side of the Hudson, op- 
posite New York, is situated on a point or cape, for- 
merly called Paulus Hook. The city is regularly laid 
out, with the streets, which are generally wide, cross, 
ing each other at right angles. The public buildings 
are, 4 churches, a lyceum, academy, high school, a 
bank, a pottery, glass factory, and about 300 private 
dwellings. Population, 3,U72. The New Jersey 
Railroad Company have an extensive depot here ; 
and the, Morris Canal, from Bordentown, intersects 
the Hudson in the lower part of the city. 

Hars^hnus is a small village, directly in the rear of 
Jersey City, containing 125 inhabitants. And still 
farther North is Pavonia, another suburb of Jersey 
City, containing some 250 inhabitants. 

Bergen. — Seat of Justice for Hudson county. New 
Jersey, is finely situated on Bergen Hill, 2 miles 
West of Jersey City. It contains 2 churches, a 
court-house and other county buildings, with 300 in- 
habitants. Bergen, until recently, presented the ap- 
pearance of one of the Dutch villages of early times. 
The primitive manners, customs, and dress of the 
people, and their mode of building, have been rigidly 
"maintained by a remnant of the inhabitants ; but, 
since the httle Dutch village became the capital of 
a county, a spirit of improvement has been awakened 
among them. 

Hohoken. — A new village of Hudson county, New 
Jersey, containing about 200 inhabitants, an Episco- 
pal church, and several public houses. Hoboken is 
much frequented by the citizens of New- York. The 
" Elysian Fields," so called, contain some beautiful 
walks. A fine view of the city may be had from the 
high grounds of Hoboken. Hoboken has recently 
acquired additional notoriety, as the scene of a most 
shocking tragedy, in which a young girl. Miss Rogers, 
was murdered by some unknown hand. The village 
of West Hohoken, situated on the summit of Bergen 
Hill, commands a fine view of the city, and harbor-.. 



28 ROUTE FROM 

WeehawJcen — A small settlement on the Jersey 
Bhore, consisting of some 20 or 30 buildings ; beauti- 
fully situated, about 2 miles North of Hoboken, on an 
elevated bluff of the Hudson. 

Blooming dale. — A remarkably neat village of New 
York county, situated on the left bank of the Hud- 
son, 5 miles above the City Hall. An Orphan's 
Asylum is established here. The village consists 
chiefly of country seats, and contains some 400 in- 
habitants. About 2 miles beyond Bloomingdale, on 
the same side of the river, is 

Mankattanville. — Containing about 500 inhab- 
itants, an Episcopal church, and some extensive 
factories. The New York Lunatic Asylum occu^ 
pies a commanding position in the southern part of 
the village. 

Harlem is situated 2 miles S. E. of Manhattanville, 
on Harlem river, near its discharge into Long Island 
sound. It is a flourishing village, with a population 
of 1,500, 4 churches, and a superabundance of 
^'hotels," besides a commodious depot belonging to 
the New York and Harlem Railroad Company, and 
several factories. The cars for Harlem start everj^ 
hour from, the depot, N. E. of the City Hall. 



ROUTES FROM THE CITY OF NEW,YORK, 

To Philadelphia, via S. Amboy and Bordentown. 

\* Places marked thus f are described in other parts of the "work. 



Steamhoat. 
Castle William,.... 1 

Bedlow's Island,... 1 2 

New Brighton, 5 7 

Elizabethport, 5 12 

Perth Amboy, 15 27 

South Amboy, 2 29 



Railroad. 

Spotswood, 9 38 

Hightstown, 13 51 

Bordentown, 13 64 

Burhngton, 10 74 

Philadelphia, 20 94 



KEW-VOHK TO PHI LADKLPHIA. 29 

Castle William, a strong fortress belonging to the 
United States, situated on the West side of Gover- 
nor's Island, and constituting one of the principal 
defences of the city and harbor of New York. It 
was erected previously to the late wdiX with Great 
Britain ; it is now garrisoned and well supplied with 
ordnance of great power. 

Robin's Reef. — A ledge of rocks in New- York 
Boy, upon which a light-house has been erected; 
which, with 

Be(llov)^s Inland, also belongs to the United States. 
It is surmounted by a small military work, called 
Fort Wood, designed to co-operate with Castle Wil- 
liams in the defence of the city. 

New Brighton.i 

Elizahethport. — A very neat and flourishing vil- 
lage of New Jersey, which has recently started into 
notice; being at the eastern terminus of the Eliz- 
ahethport and Somerviile Railroad, now in operation. 
Its site was, until lately, known as Elizabethtown 
Point, and was the landing place for Elizabethtown, 
which is situated a few miles in the interior. Pop- 
ulation about 600. 

Perth Amhoy. — A city and port of entry of Mid. 
dlesex county. New Jersey, at the confluence of 
liaritan river and Staten Island sound. Popula- 
tion 1,303. It derives its name in part from James, 
Earl of Perth, one of the original proprietors of the 
ground ; which was laid oft' into town lots in 1683, 
and incorporated in 1784. A large portion of the 
buildings are elevated forty or fifty feet above the 
adjacent bay. 

The Brighton House, a large hotel, erected here 
several years since, forms a striking object of atten- 
tion. Like many other "experiments," the hotel 
failed to realise the expectations of its proprietors ; 
and it is now occupied, during the summer months, 
by a wealthy family of New York. 

South Amhoy is a mere landing place, where the 
Camden and Amboy railroad terminates. Here the 

3* 



30 ROUTE FROM 

passengers for Philadelphia quit the steamboat and 
enter the cars. 

Spotswood. — A neat village of Middlesex County, 
containing about 150 inhabitants, 2 churches, and 
the usual factories, shops, &c. 

Hightstown. — A thriving village ; which, since 
the completion of the Camden and Amboy railroad, 
has become a place of considerable note. The vil- 
lage is rapidly improving, by the erection of many 
neat and substantial buildings, which now amount to 
more than one hundred, with about 700 inhabitants. 

Bordentown. — A town m Burlington county. New 
Jersey, containing about 1,700 inhabitants. The 
town is situated on a high bank ; which, while it 
gives it a commanding position, serves to obstruct 
its view from the river. The Delaware and Raritan 
Canal has its western termination here. 

Joseph Buonaparte, many years since, selected 
Bordentown as a place of residence, where he con- 
tinued for some years. The buildings and grounds 
are among the most conspicuous objects of the place. 

Burlington. — A city of New Jez'sey, situated on 
the left bank of the Delaware, containing 3,434 in- 
habitants. Among the buildings are, six places of 
worship, a city hall, a lyceum, bank, several exten- 
sive boarding-schools, &c. The town is regularly 
laid out, with streets crossing each other at right an- 
gles. They are mostly well built ; some with side 
and front lots, which serve to beautify the town and 
give it a neat and airy appearance. The " bank," 
which is chiefly occupied by country seats belonging 
to Philadelphians, consists of a beautiful grassy plane, 
with a gentle inclination towards the river. Here is 
the residence of Bishop Doane, a Gothic structure, 
surmounted by a cross, and resembles one of the 
Catholic Missionary stations of former times. (For 
a full description of Philadelphia, see Tanner's Cen.. 
tral Traveler. 



NEW-YORK TO PHILADELPHIA. 31 

From New. York to Philadelphia, via New^Bruns. 
wick and Trenton, by Railroad. 



New Brunswick,... 4 32 

Princeton, 17 49 

Trenton, 10 59 

Bordentown,. ...... 5 64 

Philadelphia, 30 94 



Jersey City, 1 

Newark, 8 9 

Elizabeihtovvn, ... . 5 14 

Rahvvay 5 19 

Matouchin, 9 28 

Jersey City.f 

Newark — This is by far the largest, and as a man- 
ufacturing place, the most important town, or rather 
city, for it is organized as such, in the State of New 
Jersey. Its population, according to the census of 
1840, is 17,292, a large portion of which is engaged 
in the various manufactories, which abound here to 
an unusual extent. Newark was first settled in 1666, 
by people from New England. It is the seat of jus- 
tice of Essex county, and may now be regarded as 
the metropolis of the state. 

The Passaic, here a beautiful stream, flows along 
the eastern side of the town, and gradually curves 
towards the east, in its passage into Newark bay, 
three miles distant from the city. The town plot, 
except in the immediate vicinity of the Passaic, is 
elevated some thirty or forty feet above the river ; 
and the country, on the west, continues to rise for a 
few miles, and then descends in the direction of Eliz- 
abethtown. Its streets and avenues are wide, and 
shaded by an abundance of trees, which add greatly 
to the beauty of the city and to the comfort of pas, 
sengers. The city is supplied with water from a co- 
pious spring, a short distance from the town. The 
commercial facilities of Newark have been greatly 
augmented of late, by the completion of the Morris 
Canal, and the various railroads which now pass 
through the city. These, superadded to the almost 
innumerable manufacturing establishments in and 



32 ROUTE FROM 

about the place, give it an active and bosiness-like 
appearance, gratifying alike to those who are pracSi- 
cally engaged in them, and to those who witness their 
operations. 

Among the articles manufactured k«re, most of 
which are sent to distant markets, may be mentioned, 
leather, saddlery and harness, carriages and carriage 
furniture, hats, boots and shoes, in immense quan- 
tities, brass and iron castings, soap and candles, tin 
and sheet-iron ware, clothing of all sorts, Venetian 
bUnds, cabinet furniture, jewelry, clocks, tools and 
agricultural implements, ropes and cordage, malt 
liquors, pottery, together with a host of other matters, 
*• too numerous to mention." 

Besides the factories, most of which are on a large 
scale, there are several breweries, grist and saw mills, 
dyeing houses, and -printing offices, each of which 
issues a newspaper, &c. There are schools innu- 
merable, academies, and several literary and scien- 
tific institutions. Of churches, the Episcopalians 
have two; the Presbyterians five ; the Baptists two; 
the Dutch Reformed one ; the Methodists three ; and 
the Roman Catholics one. The other public build- 
ings are the court house, county offices, three banks, 
and the immense depot of the New Jersey RaiU-oad 
Company. 

Situated in the immediate neighborhood of the hos- 
tile armies, the people of Newark were kept in a con- 
stant state of alarm during the revolutionary struggle. 
On one occasion the British sent from New- York a 
detachment consisting of five hundred men, who 
burnt the academy and committed other excesses. 
They were, however, induced to quit the town before 
they could accomplish the destruction of the plae«, 
which, no doubt, was their object. 

Elizabethtown. — A beautiful town, situated on 
Elizabeth creek, in Essex county, containing about 
five hundred buildings and 3,000 inhabitants. It is a 
borough town, and one of the oldest in the state, its 



NEW-YORK TO PHILADELPHIA. 33 

site having been purchased from the Indians by a 
company from Long Island, so early as the year 
1664. Owing to its contiguity to New- York, the 
quiet of Elizabethtown was frequently disturbed by 
the contending parties during the revolutionary war. 
In one of these conflicts, a resident clergyman of the 
Presbyterian church was killed, after witnessing the 
destruction of his church, which was burnt by the 
British- There is in this town an unusual proportion, 
of handsome dwelHngs and churches ; which, with 
the wide and regular streets, impart an air of great 
neatness and beauty to the place, and render it a 
very desirable residence. 

I The Elizabethport and Somerville railroad, as 
well as that from Jersey City to New Brunswick, 
pass through the town. These, with turnpikes and 
several good common roads, afford extensive facil- 
ities for conveying to market the agricultural pro. 
ducts and manufactures of the town and adjacent 
country. 

Among the latter may be mentioned, oil-cloth, 
earthenware, ropes and cordage, cotton bagging, tin 
and sheet-iron ware, clocks, carriages, leather, iron 
castings, steam engines, and machinery of all kinds. 
The place is also provided with several hterary, sci. 
entific, and benevolent institutes, which afford to the 
inhabitants the means of intellectual enjoyment and 
moral culture, amid the busy scenes of their daily 
occupation. 

With all these advantages, it is scarcely necessary 
for us to add that Ehzabethtown is a flourishing 
place. 

Rahway. — A large and thriving town of Middlesex 
county, formed by the union of several villages. 
One of these was formerly called " Bridgetown ;" 
but as there was another Bridgetown in the state, 
the legislature, by special enactment, united the 
whole, under the name of Rahway, after the river 
upon whose banks they are situated ; by which 



34 ROUTE EROM 

nJime they are now generally known. Their united 
population is 2,533, originally from New England. 
The Presbyterians, Methodists, Baptists and Friends 
have places of worship here. That of the Presbyte- 
rians is a beautiful structure. Among the liberal 
institutions of tije place, which possesses many, there 
are a public library, an "Athenean Academy," so 
called, a fine building, erected by a company ex- 
pressly for the institution, which partakes, in some 
measure, of the nature of a high school. There are, 
also, Sunday schools attached to most of the churches ; 
six or eight well conducted pubhc schools, a bank, a 
printing office, from which a weekly newspaper is 
issued. If the people of Rahway have been thus 
liberal in providing means for the moral and intellec- 
tual improvement of their youth, they have been no 
less so in the erection and embellishment of their 
dwellings, which present a remarkably neat appear.^ 
ance. Rahway may be, with truth, styled a man- 
ufacturing place. Establishments on an extensive 
scale are in daily operation here. The manufactures 
consist of silk printing, carriages and carriage furni- 
ture, hats, shoes, clothing, clocks, earthenware, and 
cotton goods. 

Matouchin. — A mere hamlet of Middlesex county, 
containing about twenty buildings. It is, however, 
situated in the centre of a populous and fertile coun- 
try; which, from the numerous buildings, may be 
regarded as an extended village- 

Neio Brunswick. — This place is situated in the 
counties of Somerset and Middlesex, and is the seat 
of justice of the latter. It is an incorporated city, 
and next to Newark the largest town in the state. 
It is situated on the right bank of the Raritan, about 
twelve miles above Amboy bay. Its population is 
8,693, and the number of buildings is about twelve 
hundred. The public buildings, &c., consist of the 
court-house and its appendages, college edifice (Rut- 
gers' College) and grammar school, an Episcopal 



NEW-YORK TO PHILADELPHIA. 35 

church, a Presbyterian church, a Baptist church, 
Cathohc chapel, two Methodist churches, one Dutch 
Reformed church, two academies, some incorporated 
schools, several common schools, and two banks. 
In addition to the splendid viaduct of the New Jer- 
sey Railroad, there is a fine wooden bridge across 
the Raritan, one thousand feet long, with double 
ways. The Delaware and Raritan Canal terminates, 
and the New Jersey Railroad and that to Trenton 
unite here. These railroads form an important link 
in the gieat north and south line, which will, ere 
long, extend without interruption, from Portsmouth, 
in New Hampshire, to New Orleans, Pensacola, &c. 
Some of the buildings have an antiquated appear- 
ance, having been erected on the first settlement of 
the place, in 1713, which was then called " Prig- 
more's swamp." Those built by the Dutch colony, 
which emigrated from Albany, though of a more re- 
cent date, are no less remarkable, not only in their 
peculiar construction, but also from their position, 
having their gable ends fronting on the streets. Al- 
bany-street may be readily distinguished by its char- 
acteristic edifices. Constant communication between 
New Brunswick and the city of New York is afforded 
by several steamboats, railroads, and turnpikes. 
There are also excellent turnpike and common roads 
leading in every direction, by which the city of New 
Brunswick enjoys considerable commerce, not only 
in the agricultural products of the contiguous country, 
but also in the manufactures of its numerous work- 



Princeton. — ^This attractive little town has been 
long celebrated as the seat of Nassau Hall, one of 
the oldest and most respectable colleges in the coun- 
try. It contains also a theologicel seminary, estab- 
hshed some years since, by the Presbyterians. Both 
institutions are in a flourishing condition, and are 
successfully prosecuting the objects which they have 



Z6 ROUTE FROM 

Princeton, by the new arrangement of counties, is 
embraced within the Hmits of Mercer county, and 
lies a small distance to the- north of the railroad to 
New Brunswick. Its position is considered one of 
the most salubrious in the state, being considerably 
elevated above the surrounding country, and of course 
is free from those exhalations common to low lands. 
Princeton is an incorporated town, and contains 
about three hundred and thirty buildings, with 3,055 
inhabitants, including the inmates of both colleges. 
There are five places of public worship, and several 
schools of a high order, for both males and females. 
Whether we regard the position of the town, its neat 
and attractive dwellings, or the general intelligence 
of its inhabitants, we know not a more desirable 
place of residence than Princeton. 

One of the most important incidents of the revolu- 
tion occurred in the neighborhood of this town. On 
the night of January 3d, 1777, the American and 
British armies lay encamped on opposite banks of 
the Assanpink creek, near Trenton. The British 
commander, confident of success in the cozwing con- 
flict, only awaited the approach of day to begin the 
work of destruction. In this critical situation, and 
menaced by a force every way superior to his own, 
Washington determined to abandon his position on 
the Assanpink, and by a circuitous march along the 
kft flank of the enemy, fall into their rear at Pi-ince- 
ton. When it was dark the army, leaving its fires 
lighted, and the sentinels on the margin of the creek, 
decamped with perfect secrecy. About sunrise, two 
British regiments, that v/ere on their march to join 
the rear of the British army at Lawrence, fell in with 
the van of the Americans, conducted by General 
Mercer, and a very sharp action ensued. The ad- 
vanced party of Americans, composed chiefly of mi. 
litia, soon gave way, and the few regulars attached 
to them could not maintain their ground. General 
Mercer, while gallantly exerting himself to rally his 



NEW-YORK TO PHILADELPHIA. 37 

broken troops, received a mortal wound. General 
Washington, however, who followed clo&e in their rear, 
now led on the main body of tjie army, and attacked 
the enemy with great spirit. While he exposed him- 
self to their hottest fire, he was so well supported by 
the same troops which had aided him a few days be- 
fore in the victory at Trenton, that the British were 
compelled to give way, and Washington pressed for- 
ward to Princeton. A party of the British, that had 
taken refuge in the col!e-\>, after receiving a few dis- 
charges from the American field-pieces, surrendered 
themselves prisoners of v,-ar ; but the principal part 
of the regiment that was left there saved itself by a 
precipitate retreat to Brunswick. In this action up- 
wards of a hundred of the British were killed and 
nearly three liundred were taken prisoners. Great 
was the surprise of Lord Corn vi^al lis when the report 
of the artillery at Princeton, and the arrival of breath- 
less messengers, apprised him that the enemy was in 
the rear. Alarmed by the danger of his position, 
he commenced a retreat; and being harassed by the 
militia and the country people, who had suffered by 
the outrages perpetrated by his troop's on their ad- 
vance, he did not deem himself in safety until he ar- 
rived at Brunswick ; from whence, by means of the 
Raritan, he had communication with New York. 

Trenton. — The capital of the State of New Jersey, 
is situated on the left or east bank of the Delaware, 
in Mercer county, of which it is the ^eat of justice, 
twenty-eight miles north-east from Philadelphia, and 
fifty-nine south-west of New York. Its site is im- 
mediately upon the mouth of the Assanpink, near the 
lower falls of the Delaware. It is approached from 
the Pennsylvania side by a fine bridge of five arches, 
supported by stone piers and abutments. There are 
now about 1,000 buildings of every sort, and 4,035 
inhabifants. The place was incorporated as a city 
on the 13th November, 1792. Its public buildings, 
and other objects of curiosity, consist of the State 

4 



38 ROUTE FROM 

House or Legislative Hall, Governor's House, County 
Offices, State Prison, and City Hall. 

In addition to the above, there are in and about 
Trenton, several beautiful churches, two banking 
houses, an academy, many boarding-schools, a vast 
number of common schools, and other institutions of 
a pubhc nature ; together with the usual complement 
of stores, taverns, manufactories, cotton mills, print- 
ing offices, some of which issue weekly journals ; 
several literary and scientific institutions, and in 
short, all other components that constitute a little 
city such as Trenton. 

Among the leading avenues of trade possessed by 
Trenton, those by the canals and railroads are the 
most important. The Delaware and Raritan Canal, 
from Bordentown to New Brunswick, and its nav. 
igable feeder, pass through Trenton ; whence rail, 
roads extend to Philadelphia and New Brunswick ; 
and another, which intersects the Camden and Am- 
boy railroad, a short distance from Bordentown. 

The manufacturing facilities of the city have, of 
late, been materially improved. A company, incor- 
porated in 1831, has just completed a short canal and 
mill-race on the bank of the river, by which a valuable 
water power is afforded, and now extensively and 
profitably employed. 

The name of Trenton occupies a prominent place 
in the a nals of our revolution. It was here, in 1776, 
that General Washington, with five thousand five 
hundred men, after crossing the Delaware, amid all 
the dangers of an inclement night, attacked the 
British forces, under Colonel Raid, who was mor- 
tally wounded by the first fire. His men, in the ut- 
most dismay, attempted to file off towards Princeton ; 
but General Washington perceiving their intention, 
moved a portion of his troops into the road in. front, 
and thus frustrated their design. 

Their artillery having been seized, and the Amer- 
icans pressing upon thern^ they surrendered. Many 



NEW- YORK TO EASTON, PA. 35 

of the Hessians were killed — a thousand were made 
prisoners — while a few escaped and fled in the direc- 
tion of Borden town. Of the American troops only 
two were killed and two frozen to death. Wash, 
ington, soon after this brilliant aflair, re-crossed the 
Delaware wiih his prisoners, six pieces of artillery, 
a thousand stand of arms, and some military stores, 

Bristol. — A beautiful village, situated on the west 
bank of the Delaware, nearly opposite to Burlington. 
Its high and commanding position early attracted the 
attention of the first settlers, and a town, called 
Buckingham, was laid off, and subsequently incor- 
porated by Sir William Kieth, in 1720, under the 
name of Bristol. 

Among the numerous attractions of this beautiful 
spot are two mineral springs, at which buildings, for 
the accommodation of visiters, were erected some 
years since, and dignified by the name of Bath. 
Bristol contains at present about two hundred and 
fifty dwellings, with 1,734 inhabitants, a bank, sev- 
eral places of worship, a masonic lodge, &c. 

The houses, especially those on the immediate 
bank of the river, present a remarkably neat and 
handsome appearance. The Delaware division of 
the Pennsylvania Canal terminates here, in a spa- 
cious basin, which communicates with the Delaware 
river. This canal, with the Lehigh Company's 
Canal, forms an uninterrupted water communica. 
tion with the anthracite coal region of Northampton 
county. 

Jjordentown.f 



From New-YorJc io Easton, Fa., via Morrisville and 
Schooley^s Mountain Springs. 

Newark, by rail-road, 10 

Morristown, do 20 30 

Mendham, by staffe, 7 37 

Chester,... do 5 42 



40 ROUTE FROM 

German Valley, by stage, 5 47 

Schooley's M. Springs, by stage, ... 3 50 

Mansfield, do ... 9 59 

Easton, do ...15 74 

Newark.f 

Morrisioion. — Seat of justice of Morris county, and 
pne of the most populous and thriving towns of New 
Jersey. It is beautifully situated on an elevated 
plain, which rises gradually from the river bank. 

Most of the public buildings, and some of the best 
dwellings, face an open square in the centre of the 
town. There are, besides the buildings devoted to 
county purposes, several handsome churches, an 
academy, and a due proportion of stores, manufac- 
tories, workshops, and taverns ; grist, paper and saw 
mills. There are also printing offices, from which 
weekly journals are issued ; Sunday schools, a bible 
society, a temperance society, and several institutions 
of a like description. V/ith but few exceptions, the 
houses are well built ; each is surrounded by culti- 
vated gardens, which impart to the place an air of 
much rural beauty. By means of pipes laid in the 
streets, most of the water used in the town is brought 
from a never-failing spring, about two miles distant. 
The Morris and Essex railroad, twenty miles in 
length, from Newark, terminates here. Population 
4,013. 

Mendham. — A village of Morris county, contain- 
ing a Presbyterian church, a boarding-school, several 
stores, mills, and about sixty dwellings. Population 
1,378. 

Chester. — A village of Morris county, containing 
forty or fifty buildings, including two churches, 
which extends for nearly a mile along the road from 
Easton to Morrisville. Population 1,331. 

German Valley, a small settlement in Morris 
county, on the south branch of the Raritan. 



m:w-tork to easton. 41 

Schooley\'i JSlonnlain Springs. — A criebratcd pijice 
of resort of invalids iv^d others, iti search .;f health 
or pleasure. The watf;r of the.-e springs, which are 
situated iti a small depression of Muscoiico'ig nioun^ 
tain, in Morris coirity, N. .1., is chalyh^ale, is stro7ig- 
ly marked by the usual f«;rruQrinous impreguatinris, 
and the other characteristics of such springs. 1'hcy 
are used to great advantage in chronic cases and gen- 
eral debility. Independent of the benefit to be de- 
rived from the use of the waters, the great elevation 
of the springs (nearly 1,1011 feet,) produces an agree- 
able temperature, which braces and invigorates the 
frame. The accomniodations here are in no way 
inferior to otiier estabiishnients of the kind elsewhere. 
There are three extensive hotels, besides several pri- 
vate boardiiig houses, v\hich afiord to visitors the 
opportunity of selecting the location most congenial 
to their wishes. 

Mansfield. — A pretty little village of forty or fifty 
buildines in Warren county. New Jersey. It is sup- 
plied with water by means of pipes, which conduct 
It to several fountains in the village. 

EastoA. — Tilis is by far the largest and most im- 
portant tov/n in this section of the state, and is the 
seat of justice of Northampton county. It was in- 
corporated as a borough in Sc!)tGmber, 1789, and 
now contains a population of 5,510. The town is 
situated on a point of land formed by the Delaware 
and Lehigh rivers and the Bushkill creek. The 
streets are laid out at right angles to each other, and 
along the cardinal points. The lower part of the 
town, near the Delaware, is on an elevated level, but 
the western extremity rises by a gradual acclivity, to 
a considerable elevation. 

There are within the boundaries of the borough, 
three oil mills, six grist mills, two saw mills, two dis- 
tilleries, three tan-yards and tanneries, one brewery, 
and thirty-one dry-goods and hardware stores. A 
library formed in 1811, containing about four thou*. 

4* 



42 ROUTE FROM 

sand volumes. A mineralogical cabinet. A college 
called the Lafayette College, in which the learned 
languages, &c. are taught. Several places of public 
worship. A court-house, erected 1758. Four fine 
bridges ; one over the Delaware, a most substantial 
structure, erected at an expense of ^80,00(1 ; one, a 
chain bridge, over the Lehigh, on the Philadelphia 
road; and two over the ISushkill. There are two 
banks, — one the Easton Bank, with a capital of 
$40,000. 



Fro7n New-York to Fassaic F^lls, ly railroad. 

Jersey City, 1 

Bergen 2 3 

Acquackanonk, 9 12 

Paterson and the Falls, 5 17 

Jersey City A 

Bergen.i 

AcquacJcanonJc. — A village of Passaic county, sit- 
uated on the right bank of the Passaic, 12 miles N. W. 
from New- York. It contains tvro places of worship, 
one cotton factory and about 450 inhabitants, who 
are chiefly engaged In manufacturing. 

Fassaic Falls. — This is a beautiful sheet of water, 
which presents an unbroken fall of fifty feet. It is 
situated at the town of Paterson, on the Passaic river, 
whose banks here are nearly vertical. The water 
in its passage, through the lapse of ages, has worn a 
deep chasm in the solid rock, which is obviously 
retreating, as the abraided banks below testify. No 
spectacle can be more imposiiig than is presented by 
the fallina: liquid, as it glides gently over the brow of 
the precipice. The town of Faterson is admirably 
si'uated for manufacturing purposes at tlie falls, which 
afford a constant and abundant supply of water for 
th« vast number of factories in operation in the town, 



•^ r 



NEW-YORK TO ALBANY. 



43 



which is now one of the most important manufactur- 
ing places in the United States. The number of 
buildings at present in Paterson and New Manches- 
ter, an adjoining village, is upwards of one thousand, 
and that of tht inhabitants, 7,598. Here are Pres- 
byterians, both of the old and new schools ; Dutch 
Reformed, Roman Catholics, Episcopalians, Bap- 
tists, Methodists, Seceders, Lutherans, Friends, 
Universalists, Unitarians, &c. There are in the town 
a society for the promotion of literature and science, 
which has an excellent library, a Mechanics' Insti- 
tute, a Museum, a Circulating Library, a PubUc Li- 
brary, and some other institutions of a similar de- 
scription. 



Bouie up the Hudson, to Albany, by stamJioai. 

Towns on the West banb^ Towns, &c. on the East bank. 



Hoboken 

Wehawk 2 

Bull's Ferry 3 

FortLee 4 

Piermont 14 

Nyack 5 

Warren 7 

Stony Point 5 

Caldwell's Landing 3 
Fort Clinton 
FortMontgomery 
Bare Mount 
Fort Putnam 
West Point 
Crows'-nest Mt. ... 

Butter Hill 1 

New Windsor 3 

Newburg 2 

Marlboro' 6 

Milton 4 



1 Bloomingdale 

3 Manhattanville ... 

6 Spuyten DuyvelC. 

10 Yonkers 

24 Hastings 

29 Dobbs' Ferry 

36 Tarrytown 

41 Sing Sing 

44 Teller's Point, ) 
Croton, ^ 

48 Verplanck City ... 

PeekskiU 

e-c) Anthony'sNoseMt 

Sugar-loaf xMt 

55 Cold Spring 

56 Bull Mt 

59 Break-neck Mt.... 

61 Fishkill Land'g, 

67 or Martinsville, 

71 Hamburg, 



2 


8 


5 


13 


4 


17 


3 


20 


2 


22 


5 


27 


6 


33 


2 


35 


6 


41 


3 


44 


2 


46 


4 


50 


4 


54 


2 


58 


1 


57 


4 


61 


6 


67 



44 ROUTE FROM 

Towns on ths West bank. Towns, &c. on the East bank. 

New Paitz Landin|{ 3 74 Barnegat 4 71 

Pelham 10 84 Poughkeepsie ... . 3 74 

Culuinbus ^ r Q1 Hyde Park. G 80 

Kingston \ Statesburg 5 85 

Glasijow 10 100 Rhynbeck 5 90 

Bristol 2 102 Barrvr<.wn, or > ^ q- 

Catskil! 9 III P.edHookL L. ( ^ ^^ 

Atheis 5 Ho Tivoli, or Red ) o inn 

Coxackie 8 124 Hook U. L. ^ '^ ^^^ 

New Bnlrimore .... 7 131 Saufferties 1 lOl 

Coevmans 2 133 Hiidson 15 IIG 

Albany 12 145 Columhiaville .... 5 121 

Kinderhook lan'g G 127 

Schodack 8 135 

Castleton 2 137 

Greenbush 8 145 

IIohoken,\ see " Environs of New- York," p. 27. 

Wehawk.i 

Bloom ingda le . t 

Manhattanville.f 

BulVs Ferry.— A. noted ferry across the Hudson. 

Furt Lee. — This fort, which, with Fort Washing, 
ton on the opposite side of the river, was the scene 
of important military operations during the revolu- 
tionary war. A large body of American militia sta- 
tioned here, in attempting to retreat, were overpow- 
ered by a vastly superior force, consisting chiefly of 
Hessians, when they were either slain or consigned 
to the prison ships, a fate more terrific than death 
itself. The site of Fort Lee is upwards of 3U0 above 
the water. A hotel at the landing is much frequented. 
A few miles below Fort Lee, commences the Pali- 
sades, a lofty basaltic wall, v»'hich extends for twen- 
ty miles up the west bank of the Hudson. They are 
nearly vertical, and range from 200 to 500 feet in 
height. The columns, which are divided into seg- 
ments, admirably fitted to each other, are altogether 



NEW-TORK TO ALBANY. 45 

of a coarser texture than most other similar forma- 
tions, though, in some parts, the angles are equally 
perfect and well defined. 

Spnytcn Diiyvel Creek. — An inconsiderable open- 
ing on the east side of the fludson, which, with Har^ 
laem river, separates the island of New.York from 
the main land of Westchtster county. 

Kingsbridge. — A sort of rialto among the New- 
Yorkers, crosses the strait a short distance from the 
Pludson. 

Yonkers. — A pleasant village of Westchester coun- 
ty, situated at the outlet of Saw-mill creek. It is 
built mostly on the river bank, which, being some- 
what elevated, commands a fine view of the river and 
the palisades opposite. Besides the two churches, an 
academy and several taverns and store houses, there 
are upwards of 75 dwelUngs, and a population of 
about 500. 

Hastings. — A small village and landing, of the 
same county, consisting of 15 or 20 buildings of va- 
rious sorts, including one hotel, a button factory, &c. 

Dobbs^ Ferry 13 a small settlement and public land- 
ing in Westchester county, with a ferry to the oppo- 
site side of the Hudson. 

Piermont, formerly Tappan Sloat. — This village 
having been selectt d for the eastern terminus of the N. 
York and Erie rail-road, the secluded httle Dutch set- 
tlement of the "Sloat," which had reposed in peace 
and quietness for a century or more, has received 
the classic soubriquet of " Piermont," and is now an 
important town of Rockland county. Such has been 
the effect of this movement upon the unsophisticated 
village, that its site is now covered by handsome 
public and private edifices, which form a striking 
contrast with the htde Dutch houses of its primitive 
inhabitants. 

There are in the town upwards of 150 buildings, 
including two or three churches, and a population of 
about 1,100. A pier about one mile ii) length, which 



46 ROUTE FROM 

forms the commencement of the rail-road just men- 
tioned, extends over the flats to a commodious dock, 
liear the channel of the river. The xNew-York and 
Erie rail-road will, when completed, exfend to Dun- 
kirk, on the eastern shore of Lake Erie, a distance 
of 450 miles. It is now in use as far as Goshen, with 
which daily communication is had. The little village of 
Tappan, which is situated two miles west of Piermont, 
is well known as the place of execution of Major 
Andre, v>'hose remains were a few years since trans- 
ferred to England, his native country. Two miles 
below Piermont, commences, 

Tappan Sea.— An expansion of the Hudson, about 
ten miles in length and four in breadth, having Tarrj'- 
t(jwn and Singsing on its east margin, and Piermont 
and Nyack on the west. 

Tarrytown is a large and well built town, with 
about 1,100 inhabitants. This is the town in which 
Major Andre was taken by the "Cow-boys," Paul- 
ding, Williams and Van Wart, after his conference 
with Arnold. 

Sleepy Hollow is a little to the north of Tarrytown. 

JVyack. — A village of Rockland county, containing 
about 650 inhabitants, three or four churches, and the 
usual complement of taverns, shops, &c. 

Singsing. — An incorporated tov/n of Westchester 
county, situated in the N. E. angle of Tappan bay, 
near Teller's point. It v/as founded in 1796, and 
derives its name from the indian terms Ossin sive^, 
(stony ground,) a most apposite name. Singsing be- 
ing celebrated for its marble quarries, as the ground 
plot consists of a plain which declines rapidly as it 
approaches the river, nearly every building- may be 
seen in passing. Besides the state prison near the 
water's edge, there are 4 churches, 6 public houses, 
one ship yard, one iron foundry, an academy, a hand- 
some marble building, and about 350 dweUings, with 
about 2,500 inhabitants. 

The State Prison, in the southern part of the town, 



NEn'-YORK TO ALBAr^T. 47 

is an immence pile, resembling military barracks. 
The principal building, which is occupied exclusively 
by the men, is 480 feet long, 44 wide and 5 stories 
high, and contains 1,000 cells. The females are placed 
in another building, which stands upon the high 
ground in the rear. 

Croton river. — From which the city of New- York 
is supplied with water, has its principal fountain in 
Dutchess county, and after a S. W. course of 45 miles, 
enters the Hudson a short distance above Singsing. 
It is a beautiful sireara, whose waters are so pure and 
transparent, that its pebbly bottom may be seen at a 
considerable depth. 

The Aqueduct, which conveys the water to the 
city, is a most splendid work, not surpassed in mag. 
nitude, by any similar structure of either ancient or 
modern times. Its transverse section in the clear is 
nine feet high, and seven and a half feet wide, its sides 
have an inclination cf about 1 in 7, inward, from bot- 
tom to top. It is nearly 42 miles in length, extends 
from the great dam about seven miles up the stream, 
through Singsing, Yonkers, and over Harlasm strait, 
by an immense bridge, to the distributing basin in 
the city. 

Teller^s Point. — A peninsula at the mouth of the 
Croton, which separates Tappan and Haverstraw 
bays. 

Croton or C'dlahurg Landing. — A small village 
near Teller's point, containing about 70 inhabitants. 

V/arren, or Haverstraw. — A village of Rockland 
county, situated on the western recess of Haverstraw 
bay. Population about 450, with two churches,*tav- 
erns, stores, &c. 

Haverstraw Bay. — An expansion of the river, 
which is near about three miles in width and about 
seven in length. Between Teller's point on the east, 
and Vredidicker hook, a rocky eminence nearly 700 
feet in height, on the west, it unites with Tappan sea 
by a strait about a mile and a half in width. At its 



48 ROUTE FROM 

north end the river resumes its usual width, which 
it maintains for a short distance. 

Stony Pointy a military post during the revolution- 
ary war. This point will be ever memorable in the 
military history of the United States, as the scene 
of one of General Wayne's most brilliant archiev- 
ments. On the 11th of July, 1779, after a silent 
march from West point, he suddenly attacked the post, 
then in the hands of the British troops, and after a 
spirited and bloody contest, succeeded in carrying 
the place without discharging a gun : the garrison 
surrendered at discretion. Being menaced by a vastly 
superior force, General Wayne on the following day 
withdrew his forces, after demoUshing the works and 
securing the military stores. 

Verplanck's City, formerly called Verplanck^s 
Point, occupies a commandmg situation at the west- 
ern extremity o{ the point. It was laid out a few years 
since into lots, but notwithstanding its eligible position, 
the city is still in its embryo state. There are about 
30 buildings of every sort, and some 80 or 100 inha- 
bitants. A short distance above Verplanck, com- 
mence the 

Highlands. — Being that portion of a lofty chain of 
mountains which has been pierced by the Hudson, 
presenting to the eye of the beholder a scene of wild 
beauty and picturesque grandeur. The chain here, 
upwards of fifteen hundred feet high, has evidently 
been rent and torn asunder by the action of water, 
by which it is probable the now fertile region above 
may have been, in ages long past, submerged, until 
relieved by the disruption of the Highlands. 

In some places the banks ascend the crest of the 
chain by easy step, more or less lofty ; whilst in others 
it is reached by a continued succession of rugged 
chasms, abrupt precipices and huge masses of naked 
rock. The most noted summits are : Anthony^s 
Nose, which shows itself immediately on leaving 
Caldwell's landing. The rocks near the apex, (1,128 



NEW-YORK TO ALBA.NT. 49 

feet above the river,) present a rude representation 
of a human countenance, when viewed from a certain 
point ; Bare Blount, 1,350 feet ; Crows' Nest, 1,410 ; 
Butter HUl,\, 529; BullHead, 1,486; Breakneck Hill, 
1,187 ; New Beacon, 1,685 ; Old Beacon, 1,471. Thejr 
are mostly covered over to their very summits with 
dense forests, which add great beauty to the prospect. 

CaldweWs Landing — A small settlement at which 
mostof the river steam-boats touch. Here is a ferry to 

Peekskill. — An important and handsome town 
of Westchester county, containing about 1,800 inhab- 
itants, eight churches, one bank, several extensive 
factories, iron foundries, one academy, &c. It was 
here that Palmer and Strang, British spies, were hung, 
by order of General Putnam, during the revolution. 

Forts jMonfgomerr/ and Clinton. — Two of the prin- 
cipal defences during the revolutionary war, which 
on one occasion were attacked by a British force of 
3,000 troops, and, with the garrison, consisting of 600 
men, were captured on the 6th October, 1777. 

West Point. — The seat of the United States Mili- 
tary Academy, estabUshed in 1802, which occupies 
an extensive and beautiful plain, elevated about 175 
feet above the surface of the Hudson. The buildings 
consist of an academy, built of stone, 275 feet long 
and 75 wide, in which are deposited the instruments, 
models and other apparatus ; an observatory, 150 
by 60 feci, surmounted by a dome ; two barracks, a 
hospital, a chapel, &.c. ; a large hotel, and about 50 
other buildings, mostly occupied by the professors and 
officers of the institute and their assistants. The 
entire population, including 250 cadets (the number 
authorized by law.) is about 800. Such are the nume- 
rous attractions of the place, that it is visited by a vast 
n\imber of persons during the travelling season. Here 
resides Mr. R. W. V/eir, author of the admirable pic- 
ture of the "Departure of the Pilgrims," one cf the 
finest paintings in the capitol at Washington. In the 
early part of the revolutionary contest, West Point 

5 



60 ROUTE FROM 

became an object of attention. At several points 
forts were erected, some of which are still to be seen 
Fort Putnam, situated on Mount Independence, about 
600 feet above the plain, is the first object seen on ap- 
proaching the point from the south. This spot and 
the adjacent country are memorable as the scene of 
Arnold's treachery. 

Cold Spring. — A busy and thriving town of Put- 
nam county, containing about 200 buildings, includ- 
ing 5 churches, 4 public houses, one extensive iron 
foundry and machine shop, and some other factories. 
Population about 1,300. 

New Windsor. — A small town of Orange county, 
with 250 inhabitants, two churches, a boatyard, &c. 

Newhurg. — An important incorporated town of 
Orange county. It is pleasantly situated on a bank, 
which rises by a bold acclivity, and presents a fine 
appearance from the river. 

In addition to the court-house and other county 
offices, there are upwards of 1,200 buildings includ- 
ing eleven churches, three banks, fourteen hotels, 
IGO stores, three flouring mills, three plaster mills, one 
brewery, one floor-cloth factory, factories of leather, 
ploughs, combs, tobacco, carriages, &c., &c. It has 
frequent communications with New- York and Alba- 
ny by steamers, which ply constantly along the river, 
and with the opposite shore by steam ferr)^-boats. 
The courts for Orange county sit alternately here and 
at Goshen, about 20 miles inland. Immediately op- 
posite Newburg is 

Martinsville or Fishkill Landing. — Where an ex- 
tensive settlement has grown up within a few years 
past. The ground on which the village is situated, 
forms a part of the " Rumbout Patent," so called, 
which comprehended an area of nearly 200 square 
miles. A considerable portion of this immense tract 
was continued in the possession of Rumbout's de- 
scendants from the date of the patent down to the 
present time, a period of nearly 140 years. The 



I<fEW-YORK TO ALBANY. 51 

Schenck and Brett families, through whose influence 
and exertions the tract has been so gready improved, 
are among the Uneal descendants of the original pro- 
prietor. 

There are now several towns and villages within 
this patent, the limits of which were determined by 
a mode then comm.on among the settlers, by which 
the outlines of tracts were regulated by the distance 
an indian could walk in a given number of hours. 

Fishkill. — The seat of justice for Dutchess county. 
Matteawan and Fishkill Landing, or Martinsville, 
are the principal settlements within the limits of Rum- 
bout's tract. The two latter may be regarded as one 
town, both having attained to their present impor- 
tance in consequence of the establishment of facto, 
ries in the neighborhood. The site of Martinsville 
ascends by a gentle acclivity from the landing place, 
until it reaches an elevated plane 80 or 90 feet above 
the river, where most of the trades-people and me, 
chanics reside. An extensive pier a quarter of a mile in 
length, constructed at a cost of about 1^100,000, forms 
the chief landing, which communicates with the op- 
posite town of Newburgh, by a steam ferry-boat. 
There are in the village two places of worship, four 
public houses, 10 or 12 stores, one iron foundry, a 
machine shop and flouring mill at the mouth of Fish- 
kill creek, and about 130 other buildings. 

Matte aw an. — A remarkably neat and flourishing 
village of Dutchess county, situated about one mile 
east from Martinsville, on both sides of Fishkill creek. 
The ground upon which the town is built is gently 
undulating, with here and there a prominent emi- 
nence, which, with the adjacent mountains on the 
east, and the romantic stream at their base, alto- 
gether form a scene of surpassing beauty and love- 
liness. 

The town, which is well built with houses mostly 
in the cottage style, having court-yards in front, pre- 
sent an appearance of great neatness and rural beau. 



62 p,onTE moM 

ty. It comprises a principal avenue with smaller 
streets, some of which lead to bridges over the creek, 
where many of the operatives reside. The factory, 
consisting of several detached buildings, in which the 
various branches are conducted, is situated on the 
right or west bank of Fishkill Creek, about one mile 
above its discharge into the Hudson. On the same 
side are most of the dwelling houses and some beau- 
tiful seats, among which is ihatof i\lr. P. H. Schenck, 
who is largely interested in the Matteawau estab- 
lishments. 

The Episcopal church, near the Teller mansion, is 
a neat and coinmodious edifice ; and on the east side 
of the creek stands the Presbyterian church. Mat- 
eawan, from its situation and salubrious air, is likely 
to maintain its respectability ; the neighborhood hav- 
ing been selected as the residence of many wealthy 
families. The present population of the village ex. 
(leeds 1,000, which, on the revival of business, so great- 
ly depressed of late years, will doubtless increase 
lapidly. 

Hamburg. — An inconsiderable village of Dutchess 
county, 6 miles above Martinsville. 

Marlboro. — A small village of Ulster county, on 
the west bank of the Hudson. 

Milton. — A small settlement on tl^e west bank of 
the river. 

Barnegat — A busy little town of Dutchess county, 
with about 2U0 inhabitants, chiefly engaged in hme 
business. 

Poijghkeepsie. — A large and commercial town of 
Duchess county, and the depot for an extensive and 
productive agricultural district in the rear. It is about 
midway between the cities of New- York and Albany, 
with both of which it has almost hourly communi- 
cation by means of steam boats and sailing vessels. 
Its manufactures, which are vast and various, con- 
sist of silk goods, carpets, loco notive engines, and 
railroad apparatus of all sorts, malt liquors, fiour, 



NEW-YORK TO ALBANY. 53 

plaster, bricks, pins, fire-arms, paper-hangings, snufF 
and segars, cordage, carriages. There are several 
iron and brass foundries, grist mills, saw mills, ma- 
chine shops, rope walks, lumber yards, &c. &,c. 

The other buildings consist of a court-house, jail, 
alms house, college, a gymnasium, academy, 13 
places of worship, belonging to the Episcopahans, 
Methodists, Baptists, Reformed Dutch, Cathohcs, 
Friends, &lc. ; three banks, 10 or 12 hotels, work 
shops, and about 1,100 dwelHng houses, with about 
8,0U0 inhabitants. In the town are also two female 
seminaries, a lyceum, a savings bank, a whahng com- 
pany, 3 printing offices, from which papers are issued. 

The town occupies one of the finest and most pic- 
turesque sites on the river, but owing to its elevated 
and remote position, it cannot be seen to advantage 
from the river. 

New Paltz Landing. — A small settlement of Ul- 
ster county, comprising 1 church, 1 grist mill, and 
about 50 other buildings, with about 200 inhabitants. 

Hyde Park, — A handsome village on the east bank 
of the Hudson, in Dutchess county. The settlement, 
which extends from the river bank to the post road, 
a distance of nearly a mile, comprises about 120 build- 
ings, including three churches and several extensive 
manufacturing estabhshments, and about 750 inhabit- 
ants. 

Pelham. — A small collection of buildings .on the 
west bank of the Hudson, nearly opposite to 

Statesburg. — Another inconsiderable village on the 
east side. 

Rhynheck. — Situated about two miles east of the 
Hudson, where it has a landing, also a considerable 
village, is a large and important town, with a pop- 
ulation of not less than 1,200. Here are 3 churches, 
4 or 5 houses of pubUc entertainment, 1 iron found- 
ry, 1 paper aiid 1 flouring mill ; together with the 
usual complement of mechanics' shops, stores, &c. 

Columbus. — A small village situated near the mouth 

5* 



54 ROUTE FROM 

of the Walkill, containing a dozen or twenty houses, 
and the landing place for 

Kingston. — A large and flourishing town of Ulster 
county, situated on Esopus creek, and three miles 
distant from the former. It is an incorporated town, 
with about 2,500 inhabitants ; many of whom are 
extensively engaged in the coal trade. In the town 
are a court-house, jail, 4 churches, academy, 2 banks, 
6 public houses, 2 printing offices, 1 iron foundry, 
tobacco, carriage, leather, and many other manufac- 
tories. Kingston, or Esopus, as it was originally 
called, is intimately connected with our revolutionary 
history. 

It was taken and burnt by the British, on the 16th 
of October, 1777, the day before the surrender of 
Burgoyne. The incendiaries, on learning the fate of 
Burgoyne, precipitately decamped and look shelter on 
board their vessels, then lying in the Hudson. A 
short distance from Kingston is the busy little town of 

Eddyville. — Situated on the left bank of the Ron- 
douti and at the eastern terminus of the Hudson and 
Delaware canal, by which the coal and other pro, 
duce of the Lackawana Valley, in Pennsylvania, are 
transported to the banks of the Hudson. The chief 
seat of the coal trade is at the neighboring village of 
Rondout, where extensive coal depots are established. 

Red Hook Lower Landing, or Barrytown, a small 
settlement on the east side of the Hudson, consisting 
of store houses, and other buildings connected with 
the landing. The upper landing is now called 

Tivoli. — A much more important town than the 
last; it contains 2 churches, 2 or 3 inns, several stores, 
2 grist mills, 1 cloth factory, 2 saw mills, and about 
300 inhabitants ; here is a ferry to the village of 

Saugerties. — A small but neat village of Ulster 
county. 

Glasgow. — A village of the same county, contains 
some 250 inhabitants. 

Bristol. — A small manufacturing village of Ulster 



NEW- YORK TO ALBANY. 55 

Among the public edifices are a court house, jail, 
6 churches of various denominations, and 2 Friends' 

Catskill. — A large incorporated town of Greene 
county, of which it is the seat of justice. It is situ, 
ated on the v/est or right bank of the Hudson, at the 
mouth of Catskill creek, and extends up both sides 
of that creek for | of a mile. Its population is nearly 
2,000 ; and pubhc buildings are a court-house, jail, 
and other county offices, fi churches, 2 banks, 12 
hotels, besides other houses of entertainment; to- 
gether with the usual complement of mechanics' 
shops, factories, &c. &c. Population about 3,000. ^ 

The Catskill and Canajoharie railroad is now com- 
pleted, and in use as far as Cooksburg, a distance of 
26 miles. About 14 miles W. S. W. from Catskill, 
is the celebrated mountain house of 

Pine Orchard. — Which is situated on the N. E. 
declivity of Catskill mountains, at an elevation of 
3,000 feet above the surface of the Hudson river. A 
mile or two beyond the hotel, are the Katerskill falls. 
A short distance above the falls are two small lakes, 
from which the water escapes through a contracted 
channel, and is percipitated at two bounds down a 
perpendicular rock to the depth of nearly 200 feet. 
The cataract and its surrounding objects form an as- 
semblage of every thing that is sublimely picturesque 
and romantic in beautiful scenery. 

Athens. — An incorporated towa of Greene county, 
containing about 1,200 inhabitants. Its chief build, 
ings are, 5 places of worship, several taverns, 20 
stores, 1 extensive earthen-ware factory, and about 
160 dwelling houses. 

Hudson. — On the west side of the Hudson, oppn. 
site Athens, is a large, handsome and flourishing city 
of Columbia county, of which it is the seat of justice. 
It was founded in 1783, and chartered in 1785, and 
now contains about 1 ,200 buildings of every sort ; 
and by the census of 1840 it was found to contain 
a population of 5,670. 



56 ROUTE FROM 

county, containing glass works, 1 grist mill, and 
about 25 other buildings. 

meeting houses, an academy, a lunatic asylum, 2 
banking houses, markets, hotels, stores, v/orkshops, 
and factories, &c. &c. Its principal manufactures 
consist of leather, hats, boots and shoes, jewelry, 
cordage, sperm candles, malt liquors, iron castings, 
and carriages. 

Hudson is abundantly supplied with water from 
a spring a few miles distant. 

The Hudson and Berkshire railroad commences 
here, extends in a N. E. direction, and unites with 
the western railroad of Massachusetts at West Stock- 
bridge, a distance of 34 miles ; thence the line pro- 
ceeds via Springfield and Worcester to Boston. 

Columbiaville. — An incorporated village of Colum- 
bia county, situated at the junction of Kinderhook 
and Clavarack creeks, one mile from the left bank of 
the Hudson. There are two extensive cotton factories 
in the village, which afford employment to a large 
portion of the inhabitants ; of whom there are about 
700 within the limits of the village. 

Coxsackie. — A village of Greene county, contain- 
ing 500 inhabitants, situated about one mile from the 
landing on the Hudson. 

Kinderhook Landing — Now called Stuyvesnnt, is 
a pleasant little village, comprising 50 or 60 buildings, 
including a church, and about 300 inhabitants. 

New Baltimore. — An active little town of some 50 
or 60 houses, and about 400 inhabitants, situated in 
Greene county, on the west basik of the Hudson. 

Coeymans. — A manufacturing village of Albany 
county, containing two churches, several taverns, 
stores &c. ; grist, saw, and plaster mills, two brick- 
yards, and about 8i)0 inhabitants. 

Snhodack. — A village of Rensselaer county, with 
a population of about 400, with a church, stores, &c. 
^ Castleton. — A village of the same county, situated 
on the east bank of the Hudson, 2 miles from Scho- 
dack. Population nearly 400. 



NKW-VORK TO ALBA.Mf. 57 

Greenhush — A large and flourishing incorporated 
village of Rensselaer county, situated on the east 
bank of the Hudson, opposite to the city of Albany, 
with which it communicates by steam ferry-boats. 
Among the buildings, about 130 in number, are 2 
churches, 4 public houses, 12 stores, 2 grist mills, gas 
factory, and an extensive boat-yard. The present 
population is about 1,000, and rapidly increasing. 

Here commences the Albany and West Stock- 
bridge railroad, which, with the western and Boston 
?ind Worcester railroads, form a continuous line from 
Albany to Boston, a distance of 200 miles. 

ALBANY. 
A large, rich, and populous city of the state of 
New. York, of which it is the capital. Few cities 
of its size have their public buildings sofine, nu, 
merous, and well kept. Here are many hand- 
some churches belonging to various denominations. 
The State-house, or legislative hall, is one of the 
principal ornaments of the city ; and the immense 
basin formed by a pier 4,300 feet in length, is one of 
the largest and most commodious on the canal, where 
a vast number of canal boats of all sorts may be seen. 
The streets are spacious and well paved. In addition 
to the facilities of intercourse afforded by the great 
Erie and Champlain canals, which commence here, 
those of the numerous railroads which centre in Al- 
bany are equally important and extensive. Thus 
advantageously situated, it forms the principal entre- 
pot between the city of New- York and the north 
western interior ; and with Troy occupies the com- 
mon centre of an immense inland trade. 

Albany possesses many splendid public and private 
buildings, literary and scientific institutions, and in 
every respect presents the appearance of a well 
ordered and prosperous city. Population, in 1840, 
33,721. It is one of the oldest settlements in the 
United States, Lie Dutch having had a fort here aa 



58 ROUTE FROM 

early as 1612. Many of the buildings of the city, with 
their gable ends to the streets, still remain to mark 
its origin. A large and respectable portion of the in- 
habitants are of Dutch descent, many of whom still 
retain much of the primitive simplicity and industry 
which characterized their ancestors 

The State House. — A fine stone building, 115 ieet 
in length and 90 in width, occupies a beautiful po- 
sition at the head of State street, at an elevation of 
220 feet above the river. The grounds which sur- 
round the capitol are tastefully arranged, and form 
one of the most attractive promenades of the city. 
The other public buildings consist of the City Hall^ 
a beautiful marble structure, occupied by the various 
departments of the Government ; jail, 2 academies^ 
State Hall. The Albany, Farmers', and Mechanics^ 
Banks, and ihe Museum, are also remarkably fine 
buildings ; Medical College Exchange, in State St.; 
Alms-house; 2 Asylums for Orphans; 30 churches, 
some very elegant ; 8 banking house3,aud many others 
equally deserving of notice. Institutions for the pro- 
motion of literature, science, and the arts, are numer- 
ous and well conducted. The princij)al branches of 
industry carried on in the city, comprise carriages, 
malt liquors, fire arms, jewelry, nails, hats and caps, 
snuff" and segars, cordage, soap, musical instruments, 
tin and sheet iron ware, printing types, woolen and 
cotton goods, &-C. ; and its commerce is proportion- 
ably varied and extensive. There are nearly 1,400 
persons engaged in mercantile pursuits, besides a 
vast number employed in the subordinate branches 
of trade. 

The situation of Albany is one of the finest on the 
Hudson ; seated partly on the declivity of a hill and 
partly on the margin of the river, it spreads its build- 
ings along the bank, and covers the adjacent eminen- 
ct'S with its beautiful structures. Its suburbs stretch 
in gentle curves along the shore above, below, and in 
the rear ; from whence is beheld an almost unrival- 



ALBANY TO NIAGARA FALLS. 59 

led assemblage of picturesque and beautiful scenery. 
In the north, the shores of the Hudson, with Troy 
and the httle villages of Waterford and Lansinburg, 
whilst in the east, the hills of Vermont, with their 
verdant sides and towering peaks, bound the prospect. 
The centre contains the~ city, with its public and 
private buildinys rising one above the other, backed 
by the heights, on which are the Capitol, State Hall, 
the Academy, and City Hall. 

Hotels. — City, Eagle, Mansion House, United 
States, Mongomery Hall, American, Clinton, Con- 
gress Hall, FrankHn, Rensselaer, Columbian, &c. 



ROUTES FROM ALBANY. 

Route from Albany to Niagara Falls, Buffalo, ^c. 

via Utica, Rochester, and Batavia, by railroad. 



Schenectady, — 

Glenville, 4 

Amsterdam, 10 

Tripe Hill, 7 

Caughnewaga, ... 4 

Fonda, 1 

Palatine Bridge, .11 
St, Johnsville,.... 9 

Little Falls, 10 

Herkimer, 7 

Utica, 14 

Whitesboro, 3 



16 
20 
30 
37 
41 
42 
53 
62 
72 
79 
93 
96 



Oriskany, 4 100 

Rome 7 107 

Verona Centre,... 8 115 

Canestota, 11 126 

Fayette, 16 142 

Syracuse, 4 146 

Camillus, 8 154 

Elbridge, 8 162 

Auburn, 10 172 



Cayuga, 9 181 

Bridgeport, 1 182 

Waterloo, 9 191 

Geneva, 9 200 

Vienna, 9 209 

Canandaguia, 14 223 

Victor, 10 233 

Rochester, 17 250 

Churchville, 14 264 

Bergen, 7 272 

Morgan ville, 7 278 

Baiavia, 5 283 

Attica, 10 293 

Alden, 10 303 

Lancaster, 8 311 

Buffalo, 12 323 

Black Rock, 2 325 

Tcnawanda, 9 334 

Fort Schlosser, ...11 345 
Niagara Falls,.... 1 346 



60 ROUTE FROM 

Schenectady. — An incorporated city, and seat of 
justice for Schenectady county, is situated on the 
right or south bank of the Mohawk, 16 miles from 
Albany by the railroad, and 30 by the Erie canal. 
It IS one of the oldest towns in the state, being nearly 
co-eval vvith Albany. Many of the buildings are ele- 
gant, but Hke all the ancient towns in New. York, the 
various structures present a somewhat incongruous 
appearance. Those of a recent date serve to show the 
advance in elegance and convenience that has been 
effected in the course of a few years. The chief 
buildings are, Union College in the N. E. quarter, 
which was founded in 1794, and has since main- 
tained a high degree of reputation ; a county court 
house and jail, city hall, 4 banks, 10 churches, 16 or 
18 hotels, 1 extensive cotton factory, grist mills, iron 
foundries, together with the usual stores, workshops, 
factories, &c. There are a lyceum, and an academy 
for females. Population by census of 1840, 6,784. 
Schenectady has frequent communications with the 
surrounding towns, by the various railroads now in 
use; that to Saratoga, via Ballston Spa, is 22, and 
that to West Troy, is 20 miles in length. 
. Glenville. — A neat hamlet of Schenectady county, 
comprising 18 or 20 buildings, exclusive of 1 church, 
store, &-C. 

Amsterdam. — An incorporated town of Montgom- 
ery county, situated on the north bank of the Mo- 
hawk, containing upwards of 1,800 inhabitants, and 
about 300 buildings of every sort ; including 4 neat 
churches, a bank, an academy, several factoiies, &c. 
The town is connected by a substantial bridge over 
the Mohawk with Port Jackson. 

Tripe's Hill. — A mere hamlet of Montgomery 
county, containing a church, and some 25 or 30 other 
buildings. 

Caughnewaga. — Another village of the same 
county, comprising about 40 dv/eiling houses and 
a church, with about 200 inhabitants. It communi- 



ALBANY TO NIAGARA FALLS. 61 

cates, by a bridge across the Mohawk, with Fulton- 
ville. (See route by Erie canal.) 

Fonda. — A pretty village of Montgomery county, 
of which it is the seat of justice, containing about 400 
inhabitaits and about 70 buildings, including a 
court-house, jail, 1 grist, 1 saw, and 1 plaster mill, 
carding machine, with the customary complement of 
taverns, stores, and shops. 

Palatine bridge. — A village of Montgomery county, 
consisting of 40 buildings, situated on the north bank 
of the Mohawk, immediately opposite lo Canajoharie. 

St. Johnsville. — A small village, comprising about 
50 buildings, with 280 inhabitants, in Montgomery 
county. 

Little Falls. — A large and flourishing settlement, 
which has grown up at what are termed the Little Falls 
of the JMohavvk. 

The site of the town occupies both banks of the 
Mohawk, which has obviously worn for itself a pas- 
sage through the primitive rock of which the mountain 
is composed, and thus formed an immense gap in 
which the town is situated. The rugged and pre- 
cipitous sides of this petra-like gorge attain to a 
great height, whence a scene of wild and romantic 
beauty presents itself on every side. The beds of the 
Erie canal on the right, and of the railroad on the left 
bank, have been excavated from the sohd rock, which 
here and there overhangs the hues, and seems to 
threaten the beholder with instant destruction. 

Little Falls is essentially a manufacturing place, 
having an inexhaustible water power of great extent, 
which is still in some degree unemployed. Woolen 
goods, paper, iron castings, malt liquors and flour, 
are its principal manufactures. Every other article 
of necessity, such as hats, boots, shoes, tin-ware &c., 
are supplied by the numerous minor factories of the 
place. It contains about 400 buildings, including 5 
churches, a bank, and an academy, with nearly 

6 



62 ROUTE FROM 

3,000 inhabitants. Access may be had from hence 
by stage to Trenton Falls, distant 26 miles. 

Herkimer — The seat of justice for Herliimer county, 
is beautifully situated on the left bank of the Mohawk, 
it is an incorporated town, and contains about 900 
inhabitants; the chief buildings are a court-house, jail, 
hall for the county officers, a bank, an academy, and 

2 churches. 

Utica.i 

Whiteshoro. — An incorporated town, and in con. 
junction with Rome, the seat of justice for Oneida 
county. It occupies a fine situation on the south 
bank of the Mohawk, and on the line of the Erie canal. 
The town contains a population of about 2,000, a 
court house, jail, 4 churches, an academy, an exten- 
sive cottun factory, another of water buckets, a grist 
mill, &c. 

Rome, formerly Fort Sianwix. — A large incorpo- 
rated town of Oneida county, of which it is, with 
Whitestown, the seat of justice. There are within 
the corporate limits about 400 buildings, including 
the court house and other county buildings ; 6 places 
of worship, a banking house, a cotton factory, 
grist and saw mills, furnace, and an arsenal belong, 
ing to the United States. Here the railroad leaves the 
Mohawk valley, and passes into that of the Oswego, 
and enters the little village of Verona Centre, con- 
taining about 100 inhabitants. 

Lenox. — A small village comprising some 20 or 25 
buildings, in Madison county. 

Syracuse. — A large commercial and manufactur. 
ing town of Onondaga county, of which it is the seat 
of justice. Besides 800 or 900 dwellings, there are 
an academy, court-house, jail, 8 churches, 12 hotels, 
an arcade, 2 banks, 3 grist mills, 3 machine shops, 

3 iron foundries, and a vast number of mechan- 
ics' shops, stores and warehouses. Syracuse stands 
on the Erie canal, at the point where the Salina side 
canal leaves the main trunk. The SaHna flats ex- 



ALBANY TO MAGARA FALLS. 63 

tend between Syracuse and the village of Salina. In 
a state of nature, these flats being low, in part marshy, 
were subject to occasional inundation ; but, by 
means of extensive drains, they have now a dry sur- 
face, which is an exuberantly rich alluvial deposite. 
The outlet of Salina lake in Seneca river, having been 
deepened, contribute also to desiccate the flats. 
Syracuse is celebrated for its manufacture of salt, of 
which immense quantities, are annually made chief-' 
ly by solar evaporation. 

Camillus. — A handsome village of Onondaga 
county, containing about 700 inhabitants, two 
churches, and nearly 125 dwelling houses. 

Elbridge — A neat little village of Onondaga county^ 
containing two churches, 60 buildings and about 300 
inhabitants. 

Auburn. — A large, handsome and important town, 
and seat of justice for Cayuga county. It comprises 
nearly 900 buildings of all descriptions, including a 
court house and other county offices, a town hall, a 
theological seminary, an academy, an incorporated 
seminary for females, seven churches, two banks, ten 
hotels, one cotton factory, one planing machine, four 
grist and three saw mills, factories of cards, millstones, 
tobacco, machinery, iron castings, leather, carriages 
and many other articles. Auburn is the seat of one 
of the State prisons, an immense establishment, sit- 
uated on the right bank of Owasco outlet. It stands 
in the centre of a ten acre lot, which is enclosed by 
an elevated stone wall. The principal building, which 
contains the various offices, keepers* apartments, &.c. 
is three stories high and 186 feet from, and the wine-a 
on each two stories high, 45 feet in front and 242 
deep. There are 770 cells. The prisoners, ususally 
about 700, employed in the various branches of me- 
chanic arts. 

Owasco lake, a beautiful sheet of water, situated 
a few miles from the village, affords excellent trout 
fishing, and is much frequented. The outlet having 



64 ROUTE FROM 

a descent of nearly 100 feet in a few miles, furnishes 
a valuable and extensive water power, which is only 
partially employea. 

Cayvga. — A pretty little village of Cayuga county, 
situated on the east side of Cayuga ouUet, which is 
crossed by a viaduct and bridge, each more than a 
mile in length. 

The village consists of about 75 buildings, among 
which are a church, several public houses, and about 
300 inhabitants. 

Cayuga Like is one of the largest of the series of 
fakes that impart great beauty to this part of the state. 
It is about 40 miles in length, with a mean width of 
two and a half miles, is of great depth, and abounds 
with fine fish. Its banks, which are celebrated for 
their picturesque beauty and sublimity, are adorned 
with orchards aiid cultivated fields, and interspersed 
with towns, villages and habitations. 

Steam boats ply regularly between Cayuga bridge 
and Ithaca, at the head of the lake, where the rail, 
road from Owego terminates. About a mile west of 
Cayuga is 

Bridgeport. — A little village of Seneca county, con, 
sisting of about 30 buildings. 

Waterloo. — A large and remarkably handsome 
town, and, with Ovid, the seat of justice for Seneca 
county, containing nearly 3,000 inhabitants. Besides 
400 dwellings, there are in the town a court house, 
jail, 4 churches, an academy, a bank, 10 or 12 hotels; 
together with a woolen factory, 6 grist mills, 5 saw 
mills, several factories which produce pails, tubs, 
ground plaster, leather, whiskey, iron castings, ma, 
chinery, potash, soap and candles, carriages, boats, 
&,c., &c. The town is beautifully situated on both 
banks of Seneca outlet, which has been improved so 
as to render it navigable for canal boats. A few milea 
towards the S. W. it receives the waters of 

Seneca Lake. — Situated between Seneca and Tom- 
kins counties on the east, and Steuben, Yates and 



ALBA.NT TO NIAGARA FALLS. 65 

Ontario on the west. It is about 43 miles in length, 
two and a half in mean breadth, and nearly 600 feet 
deep. The waters are remarkably pure and trans- 
parent, containing fish of various sorts. It is navi- 
gated by steam-boats from Geneva to Jefferson, Avhere 
the Elmira canal leaves the lake. The outlet of 
Crooked Lake enters Seneca lake on the west, after a 
descent of 270 feet in 6 miles. The banks of both 
are highly romantic and beautiful : the entire region 
presents a series of landscapes, which render it in a 
high degree, worthy of attention from the traveler 
and philosopher. 

Geneva. — An incorporated town of Ontario county, 
on the north-west margin of Seneca lake, containing 
about 4,000 inhabitants. Its site is uncommonly fine, 
rising by a gentle acclivity from the water side, and 
affording an extensive view of the lake and adjacent 
country, which abounds in the most enchanting and 
beautiful prospects. The aspect of Geneva and its 
environs from the lake, is not less beautiful : the en- 
tire scenes will amply repay the tourist for his trouble 
in viewing it. The western part of the town is, by 
far, the neatest portion of it, and is in part built on 
an eminence rising nearly 100 feet above the lake. 
Its streets are wide and kept in fine condition, with 
handsome and commodious buildings, chiefly occu- 
pied as dwellings. The lower part is the principal 
seat of business, where the factories, stores, &c, are 
mostly located. The chief buildings are those of 
Geneva college, 10 churches, 2 banking houses, 2 
printing houses, several grist and saw mills, furnaces, 
carriage factories, and about 500 dwelling houses. 

Vienna. — A village of Ontario county, situated on 
the right bank of Canandaigua outlet, comprising 200 
dv/ellings, 3 churches, 6 grist mills, 1 furnace, 2 brew 
houses, 2 distilleries, carriage factory, &c. Popula- 
tion about 1,500. 

Canandaigua. — A beautiful town and seat of jus- 
tice of Ontario county, situated at the junction of Ca- 

6« 



66 ROUTE FROM 

nandaigua lake with its outlet. The principal avenue 
extends westward from the lake shore, and is lined 
by well built and handsome houses for a distance of 
nearly two miles. Among the buildings are a court 
house, jail and other county offices, 5 churches, 3 
banks, academy, besides stores, warehouses, facto- 
ries, mills, &.c. Population 2,800. 

The situation of the town is picturesque and beau- 
tiful in a high degree, and, taken in connection with 
the adjacent country and its silvery lake, affords one 
of the most delightful prospects in the world. The 
XaA:e, whose waters are as clear r.s crystal, and abound 
with trout and other fish, is about 20 miles in length, 
one in breadth, and, like the others, very deep. 

Victor. — A neat little village of 300 inhabitants, 
situated near the railroad, in Ontario county. 

ROCHESTER. 

A large commercial and manufacturing city of 
Monroe county, situated on both sides of the Genesee 
river, above the great falls, and six miles from its en- 
trance into Lake Ontario. It is the seat of justice 
for Monroe county, and the third city of the state in 
point of population, which, in 1840, was 20,191, but 
has, doubtless, increased greatly since that time. 
The Erie canal passes through the city, and across 
the Genesee, by a splendid aqueduct, where it is 
joined by the Genesse valley canal. 

Th • plan of the city is regular, most of the streets 
crossing each other at right angles : the public build- 
ings consist of the court house and other county of- 
fices, 20 places of worship, college, atheneum, mu- 
seum, 2 asylums for orphans, arcade, 25 hotels, &cc. 
The productions of the numerous factories and work 
shops, in and around the city, consist of bread-stuffs 
in great abundance, cabinet ware, woolen and cott(m 
goods, carpets, jewelry, clothing, hats and caps, boots 
and shoes, copper and tin ware, carriages, canal and 
other boats, iron castings, machinery, prepared lum- 



ALBANY TO NIAGARA FALLS. C7 

ber, segars and snuff, saws, buckets and tubs, edge, 
tools, arid many other articles. Rochester owes°iis 
great eminence, as a manufacturing town, partly to 
its advantageous situation, and partly to the industry 
and ingenuity of its inhabitants. It is located in the 
midst uf a fertile country,- intersected by canals and 
railroads and on a river admirably adapted for man- 
ufacturing purposes. To the natural facilities thus 
aiforded, and the means of disposing of its manufac- 
tured products by the aid of its canals and railwaj^s, 
may fairly be ascribed the rapid growth of Roches- 
ter, and the great prosperity of ks people. Among 
the interesting objects of Rochester, that of the falls 
claims the first attention. 

Genesee Falh. — Like those of Niagara, the upper 
Genesee falls consist of three principal Chutes, divi. 
ded from each other by clusters of rocks, into three 
nearly equal parts. The greatest height of these falls 
is 96 feet. The lower fall, about a mile and a half 
below, has an unbroken pitch of 105 feet, to a rocky 
bed, over which the waters pass rapidly to the head 
of navigation, whence it flows calmly into its great 
recipient, the "beautiful Ontario." 

Mount Hope Cemetery. — A rural place of scpuL 
ture, situated in the southern surburb of the city, and 
the 

Grand Aqueduct over tlie Genesee, also deserve 
attention. 

Ckurchmlle. — A small village of Monroe county, 
containing about 50 buildings including 2 churches, 
a woolen factory and 300 inhabitants. 

Bergen and Morgansvill'^. — Two small villages of 
Genesee county, each containing about 200 inhabi- 
tants. 

Batavia. — Seat of justice for Genesee county, is 
finely situated on the north bank of Tonavvanda creek, 
and contains upwards of 2,.000 inhabitants. The pub- 
lic buildings are, a court house, jail, arsenal, 2 banks, 
5 churches, 1 female boarding school, 1 grist mill, 2 



68 ROUTE FROM 

furnaces, and others. [Persons destined for the fall3 
of Niagara, may proceed by stage hence to Lock port, 
distant 30 miles, whence a railroad conducts to the 
falls.] 

Attica. — An incorporated village of Genesee coun- 
ty, containing about 900 inhabitants, 2 churches, a 
bank, and the customary complement of stores, tav. 
erns and shops. The Tonavvanda and Attica and 
Buffalo railroads unite here. 

ALden. — A viUage of Erie county, comprising 30 
dwellings, 1 church, and about 250 inhabitants. 

Lancaster. — A village of Erie county, containing 
about 100 buildings, including 4 churches, 1 grist and 
2 saw mills, and 600 inhabitants. 

BUFFALO. 

The capital of Erie county and a port of entry, 
is situated on the eastern shore of Lake Erie, at 
the mouth of Buffalo creek : population, by census 
of 1840, 18,213. This city is admirably situated on 
an elevated plain, and being almost wholly of mo- 
dern date, is much more regularly laid out and hand- 
somely built than most of the other interior towns. 
Buffalo, then a mere village, was burnt by the British 
during the late war ; but has risen with augmented 
splendor from its ashes. 

The streets, which are mostly wide and furnished 
with side walks, some of them being, in the splendor 
of their stores and their elaborately painted signs, 
nowise inferior lo those of the Metropolis. The growth 
of Buffalo within the last few years has been most 
rapid. Along the lake side, which, prior to 1810, was 
little else than a sandy flat, now extends a succession 
of handsome buildings, which, with the shipping and 
the activity every where displayed, present the ap- 
pearance of a large commercial city. The public 
buildings consist of a court house and jail, 16 church, 
es, 2 banks, theatre, mills, and a vast number of 
factories, common^o places of this description. The 



ALBANY TO NIAGARA FALLS. 69 

Kwst important of these are, 3 for carriages, 14 for 
malt liquors, 5 fur soap and candies, 4 for tobacco, 
S for ironmongery, 2 for chemicals, and 8 printing 
houses. A pier, 1,500 feet in length, extends into 
the lake from the bank, below the mouth of BuiFalo 
creek. Though now of such importance, little more 
ihan fifteen years have elapsed since Bufialo was cor- 
rectly described by Darby as "a village containing 
i,000 inhabitants." The progress of the town in the in- 
terval in commerce and in the accumulation of wealth 
and population, is unprecedented in. the history of 
settlement. Th« situation of Buffalo necessarily ren- 
ders it a principal seat of the trade between the east, 
ern cities and the western and north- v/estern states, 
and as the population and trade of those states in- 
creased, it could not fail proportionally to augment 
She trade of Buffalo. 

There ar« now (1843) upwards of 75 steam-boats 
and about 350 sailing vessels employed in the lake 
trade, much the larger portion of which centres in Buf- 
falo. 4,061 vessels of every sort were entered or clear- 
ed at the custom-house in 1840. The amount of mer- 
chandise sent eastward on the canal in 1826, was 
5,131 tons; in 1840, 177,606 tons. Should the popu- 
lation of Buffalo continue to increase in the same ratio 
as it has done for the last 12 or 15 years, of which 
there is no reason to doubt, it will contain, 30 years 
hence, a population of nearly 200,000. 

Black, ock, 2 miles north from Buffalo, on the Erie 
canal, is a large incorporated village, containing near- 
\y 2.000 inhabitants, with extensive and various fac- 
tories, and mercantile establishments. The great 
pier, built at the expense of the state, deserves atten- 
tion. 

Tonawanda. — A village of Erie county, contain- 
ing 700 inhabitants, situated on Grand Island sound, 
at the discharge of Tonawanda creek. The Eric canal 
and the Buffalo and Niagara falls railroad pasg 
through the village. 



70 ROUTE FROM 

Fort Scklosser. — Built by the British during the 
old French war, stands in front of the rapids, about 
a mile above the falls. Here the steamer Caroline 
was destroyed by a detachment of British troops a 
few years since, from which the well known McLeod 
affair took its rise. 

Niagara Falls. — A magnificent cataract in that 
portion of the river St. Lawrence which extends be- 
tvveen lakes Erie and Ontario, commonly called "Ni- 
agara river." This river issues from the N. E. ex- 
tremity of Lake Erie, near Buffalo, and runs north, 
ward 20 miles to Goat or Iris island, where it is preci. 
pitated over a limestone ledge into a deep and narrow 
chasm, whence it proceeds, with a constantly decreas- 
ing velocity, a farther distance of 15 miles, and enters 
Lake Ontario, between the villages of Niagara and 
Youngstown. In this course of 35 miles the river 
descends 334 feet, this being the difference of level 
between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. • 

Goat Island, at the very verge of the cataract, di- 
vides it into two sheets of water ; one of these, called 
the Horse-shoe, on the Canada side, is 1,800 feet 
wide, and 158 feet in perpendicular height; and 
the other, called the American Falls, is about 600 
in width, and 164 in height. The breadth of the is- 
land is about 1,500 feet. The rock over which the 
v/ater is percipitated, consists of a compact hmestone 
in nearly horizontal strata, resting upon a mass of 
soft shale, which decays and crumbles away more 
rapidly th^n the former; so that the calcareous rock 
forms an over-hanging mass, projecting 40 feet or 
more beyond the concave rock below. 

By the continual destruction of the rocks, owing 
to the eddies and spray rushing against them, the 
falls have, within the last 50 years, receded upwards 
of 150 feet ; and this process has unquestionably been 
going on for countless ages. There seems to be no 
reasonable ground for doubting that the falls were 
pnce at Queenstown, 7 miles below their present po- 



ALBANY TO NIAGARA FALLS. 71 

sition. Such being the case, the falls must be des- 
tined, in process of time, to invade Lake Erie itself, 
which would then be completely drained, and its 
present bed thus converted into fertile fields and cul. 
livated gardens. 

The depth of the water is much greater on the 
Canadian, than on the American side; and hence, 
while the scarcely hidden rocks below the American 
fall cause the flood to be broken into foam, the deep 
green hue of the other, is but slightly changed by the 
crests rising above it. 

The finest view of the falls, perhaps, is from the 
Table rock on the Canadian shore, and from the b nks 
above, whence the rapids may be embraced : the lat. 
ter, however, are best seen from Goat Island, to 
which access is had by means of a bridge from the 
American side. On the north side of Goat Island, 
the rocks projecting into the river immediately over 
the falls are reached by another wooden bridge, be- 
low which the water rushes with frightful velocity. 
From these I'ocks, on which an observatory has been 
erected, the view over the precipice is at once ter. 
rific and grand. 

As the banks of the ravine below the falls rise to 
the height of 20U feet or more, artilicial means are 
necessary for effecting a descent to the water's edge. 
A spiral staircase has been consirucred on each side, 
and another in front of Goat Island, by which one 
may descend to a ledge, styled "Termination Rock," 
actually underneath the great fal! : by these means 
the falls may be viewed m alnost every possible di- 
rection. 

Among the principal waterfalls throughout the 
world, there are several that exceed in height those 
of Niagara: but, with regard to the quantity of water 
discharged, in an unbroken mass, there are none that 
can be compared to those of Niagara. In these re- 
spects they are pre-eminent, 



72 ROUTE FROM 

The following table exhibits the relative elevationa 
of the most remarkable cataracts: 

Staubach, Switzerland, 900 feet, 

Tequendama, S. America, 800 

Velino, Italy, 300 

Mont-morenei, Canada east, 246 

CaterskiU, Kew York, 210 

Niagara, (mean height) IGl 

There are several interesting objects in the vicinity 
of the falls which deserve attention ; among them may 
be mentioned the Burning Spring, near the outlet of 
Chippewa creek whirlpool, two miles below the falls j 
Sorcerer's cave, just below the falls ; the battle fields 
of Chippewa, Lundy's Lane and Queenstown ; Fort 
Schlosser, where the steamboat Carohne was des- 
troyed ; the remains of Brock's monument, near 
Queenstown ; Welland canal in Canada, extending- 
from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario, and the villages of 
Chippewa, Manchester Falls, Lewistown, Queens- 
town, Whitehaven or Grand Island, Tuscarora and 
Seneca Indians — the former near Lewistown, and 
the latter 4 miles S. E. from Buffalo. 

The vicinity of Niagara has, in some degree, be- 
come classic ground. Among the battles of the last 
war, between Great Britain and the United States, 
there were perhaps none more sanguinar}'', nor the 
contest between the combattants so obstinate as those 
of Queenstown, October 18th, 1814, in which Gen. 
Brock was killed ; of Chippewa, July 5th, 1814, and 
of Bridge water. 



JRoute from Albany to Buffalo, via Utica and JRo^ 
Chester, by the Erie canal. 

West Troy, 7 Schenectady, ....17 30 

Cohoes Falls, .... 3 10 Amsterdam, 17 47 

Lower aqueduct . 3 13 Fultonville, 10 57 



rX»oM ALBANY TO BUFFALO. 



73 



Canajoharie, 

Fort Plain, 

Little Falls 

Herkimer, Up.Br, 
Frankfort, .... 

Vks^.....^... 

Whitesboi-0% 

Oriskany, 

Rome, 

New London, .... 

Canastota, 

New Boston, 

Chittenango, 

Manlius Centre,. 

Lodi, 

Syracuse, 

Geddes, 

Camiilus, 

Jordan, 

Port Byron 

Montezuma.. 



69 

72 



96 
101 
110 
114 
117 

8 12.5 

7 132 
14 146 

4 150 
3 153 

9 162 

8 170 

1 171 

2 173 
6 179 



11 190 
9 199 
6 205 



Clyde 11 216 

Lyons, 9 225 

Newark, 7 232 

Port Gibson, 3 235 

Palmyra...... 5 240 

Fairport, 12 252 

Pittsford, 7 259 

Rochester,; 10 269 

Spencersville, ....12 281 

Brockport, 8 289 

Holley, 5 294 

Hulberton, 4 298 

Albion, 6 304 

KnowJsville, 7 311 

Medina 4 315 

Middleport, 6 321 

Lockport 12 333 

Pendleton, 7 340 

Tonawanda, 12 352 

Black Rock, 9 361 

Buffalo, 2 363 



' West Troy. — An incorporated town of Albany 
county, situated on the right bank of the Hudson, im- 
mediately opposite to the more " ancient Troy" of 
Rensselaer county, which will be noticed hereafter. 

West Troy is a new town, the great mass of its 
buildings having been erected within the last 10 or 15 
years. It now contains more than 1,000 buildings, 
including 10 churches, 20 extensive manufactories, 
a bank, a vast number of warehouses, stores and 
workshops, and about 900 dwellings, with a popu- 
lation of 5,500. The United Stales Arsenal, an im- 
mense establishment, consisting of 33 buildings and 
extensive grounds, is situated in West Troj'^, and 
forms one of its most conspicuous features. Tha 
Hudson is here crossed by a fine bridge and hors^ 
boats. 

7 



74 AOUTE FROM 

CoTioes Falls.— A beautiful and romantic cataract 
of the Mohawk river, situated near its cxtrance into 
the Hudson. The principal fall has a descent of about 
70 feet, but the entire fall, includini? the rapids above 
and below, exceeds 120 feet. A fuic view of the fiills 
may be had from the bridge about half a r.iile below. 

Lower Aqueduct. — Here the Erie canai crosses 
from the south to the north bank of the Mohawk, 
which it follows for 6 miles, and then repasses the 
river, by the Upper Aqueduct, and resumes its course 
along the south or right bank of the stream. 

ScheneciadyA 

Amsterdam.^ 

Fultonville. — A village of Montgomery county,con. 
taining 70 dv/ellings, a church and about 400 inhab- 
itants, chiefly occupied in manufacturing and the 
lumber trade. A bridge across the Mohawk connects 
it with Fonda on the north. 

Canajoharie. — A large and thriving town, situated 
on the hne of the Erie canal, containing a population 
of 1,400, 3 churches, an academy, r2 floTiring and 2 
saw mills, furnace, brewery, &c. A railroad, hence 
to Catskill, is in course of execution, a portion of 
which, extending from Catskill to Crooksbury, 26 
miles, is now in operation. 

Fort Plain. — A village of Montgomery county, sit- 
uated on the right bank of the Mohawk, containing 
1,500 inhabitants. The public buildings are, two 
churches, a bank, 3 mills, 1 furnace and 1 distillery. 

Little Falls.r 

Herkimer upper bridge, extends across the Mo- 
hawk to the village of Herkimer, situated on the north. 
(See R. R. route from Albany to Bufluilo.) 

Frankfort — A village of Herkimer county, situated 
on the Erie canal, containing 500 inhabitants, two 
churches, a woolen factory, &c. 



ALBANY TO BUFFAtO. 75 

Utlcn.f 

WhiteshoroW 

Orislcany. — A larf^e village of Oneida county, com- 
prising 2 churches, 2 extensive woolen factories, with 
about 1,200 inhabitants. 

New London. — A small settlement of about 35 
buildings and 200 inhabitants, in Oneida county. 

Canastota. — An incorporated village of Madison 
county, containing 800 inhabitants, 3 churches, sev- 
eral minor factories, &c. 

New Boston. — A, small but neat \'illage of Madi- 
son county, containing about 150 inhabitants. 

Chitfcnango. — A large, handsome and flourishing 
town of Madison county, comprising 200 dwellings, 
3 churches, a railroad depot, 2 water lime and 1 
woolen factory, grist mill, and about 1,100 inhabi- 
tants. A valuable medicinal spring, composed, in 
part, of sulphates of lime, magnesia and soda, car- 
bonate of lime, &c., with sulphuretted hydrogen and 
carbonic acid gases, has recently been discovered in 
the vicinity of Chittenango. 

Manlius Centre. — A village of Onondaga county, 
containing a church and 50 other buildings, with 
about 300 inhabitants. 

Lodi. — A village of Seneca county, of about 60 
buildings and 400 inhabitants. 

Syracuse. i 

Geddes. — An incorporated village of Onondaga 
county, with 700 inhabitants, 1 church, «fec. Geddes 
is celebrated for its manufacture of salt — sahne 
springs having been found in the village. 

Camillus.i 

Jordan. — An incorporated manufacturing village 
of Onondaga'county, containing about 200 buildings, 
among which are, 3 churches, 3 grist and 3 saw 
miUs, 3 factories, with about 1,300 inhabitants. ; 



7f ROUTE FROM 

Port Byron. — An incorporated village of Caya^a 
county, consisting of 160 dwellings, 3 churches, 1 
extensive grist mill, 2 leather factories, 4 saw mills, 
&c. 

Montezuma. — A thriving village of Cayuga coun- 
ty,' si truated at the junction of the Erie canal with the 
Cayuga and Seneca canal. It contains about 700 
inhabitants, with 1 church, stores, taverns, &c. Im- 
niense quantities of salt- are made here from the sa- 
line springs, which abound in this section of the 
state. The Montezuma marshes, consisting of a 
narrow strip of wet land, extend along Cayuga outlet 
and Seneca river for a distance of 15 miles. 

Clyde. — An incorporated village of Wayne county, 
comprising 3 churches, an academy, 4 grist mills, 1 
saw mill, 1 furnace, 2 glass factories, and about 150 
dwellings. Population about 1,100. 

Lyons. — A large incorporated tow-n and seat of 
justice of Wayne county, containing nearly 2,000 
inhabitants. Its principal buildings are, a court 
house, jail, 5 churches, 1 bank, 2 large warehouseSj, 
2 grist and 2 saw mills, 1 furnace, and other facto- 
ries, which produce leather, potash, machinery, car- 
riages. Access to the neighboring towns is had by- 
means of stages, railroad cars, canal boats, &c., 
■which are constantly arriving at and departing from 
this active place. 

Newark. — A village of Wayne county, containing: 
230 buildings and 1,300 inhabitants. Among the 
buildings are, 3 churches, 1 steam flouring mill,, 2 
furnaces, and some other factories. 

Fort Gibson. — A village of 200 inhabitants, with 
a church, &c., in Ontario county. 

Falmyra. — A large incorporated village of Wayne 
county, containing upwards of 2,000 inhabitants, 4 
churches, an academy, hotels, stores, &,c , with the 
customary proportion of tradesmen's warehouses, 
shops, offices, &c. It is delightfully situated in the 
centra of a productive agricultural district, and is^ 



ALBANY TO BUFFALO. 77 

altogether, one of the most attractive villages of the 
state. Its manufactures are extensive and valuable, 
consisting principallj' of flour, iron castings, carriages, 
and many other articles. 

Fair port. — A village of Monroe county, containing 
about 180 inhabitants. 

Fittsford. — A village of Monroe county, contain- 
ing 700 inhabitants, 2 churches, &c. 

Fochester.f 

Spencer sville. — A village of Monroe county, con. 
taining a church, 50 dwelling^, 2 grist and 2 saw 
mills, a carriage factory, a furnace, and about 300 
inhabitants. 

Broclport. — A pleasant incorporated town of 2,000 
inhabitants, situated in Monroe county, containijig 3 
churches, an academy, 1 grist and 1 saw mill, a 
carding machine, and many similar establishments. 

Ilolleij. — A village of Orleans, containing about 
300 inhabitants, 2 churches, and 70 dwellings. 

Hulberton. — A village of the same county, with a 
church and 250 inhabitants. 

Albion. — Seat of justice for Orleans county, and 
one of the most pleasant villages on the canal, both 
in point of situation and plan. It is incorporated, and 
has, in addition to the usual county buildings, 2 flour, 
isbing seminaries, 2 banks, 3 churches, 8 large ware- 
houses for the accommodation of the canal trade, a 
grist mill, and several merchants' stores, taverns, &c. 

KnowUsville. — A clever little village, 7 miles be- 
yond Albion. It is incorporated, and has about 500 
inhabitants, 3 churches, and 3 or 4 factories. 

Medina. — An incorporated village of Orleans coun- 
ty, situated on Oak Orchard creek, where it intersects 
the Erie canal. The present number of inhabitants is 
about 900, with IGO buildings, including 5 churches, 
7 warehouses, 3 grist mills, stores, taverns, ifcc, &c. 

Middleport, in Niagara county, is a neat village, 
comprising 70 or 80 dwellings, 2 churches, 3 grist 

7* 



78 ROUTE rnoM 

and 2* saw milk, and 6 extensive factories of leather^ 
iron castings, potash, &c. 

Lockport. — Ah incorporated village of the first 
class, and seat of justice for Niagara county. With 
the exception of Buffalo and Rochester, it is the most 
important commercial and manufacturing town in- 
western New York, Lockport now numbers up- 
wards of 7,000 inhabitants, and nearly 1,000 build-* 
ings of every description : included among the latter 
are, a court house, jail, 12 churches, 20 hotels, 2 
banks, and about 40 extensive factories, which pro- 
duce immense quantities of articles ; such as cottoir 
and woolen goods, prepared lumber, ground plaster, 
machinery, iron castings, and agricultural ir^stru- 
xnents of every sort, carriages, leather, bread stuffs, 
and many othsr articles. The power employed by 
these factories is derived from Lake Erie, through 
the medium of the Erie canal ; which, having a de- 
stent here of 60 feet, supplies an almost unhmited 
amount of hydraulic force. The prodigious excava- 
tions through which the canal now p-asses and de- 
scends the terrace into the Ontario valley, and ihe 
ponderous locks by which the descent is effected, 
are every way deserving of careful examination. 
This is one of the most costly sections of the canal, 
having been cut through compact rock for a great 
distance, both horizontally and vertically. 

Passengers for the falls leave the canal here, and 
proceed by the railroad a distance of 24 miles. Con- 
veyance in almost every direction is afforded by the 
canal boats, stages, or cars, which leave Lockporfc 
daily. 

^ Fendleton. — A small settlement of Niagara county, 
situated at the junction of the Erie canal and Tona- 
wanda creek, containing nearly 200 inhabitants. 
There is a sulphur spring about two and a half miles 
east from Pendleton, which is becoming a place of 
some resort. 

Tonawanda. — A village of Erie county, comprising 



ALBANY TO BALLSTON, SPA, 6CC. 79 

about 150 buildings, including a church, workshops, 
&c. The railroad from Buffalo to Niagara passes 
through the village, which is one of the stopping 
places. 

BufaloA 



Excursion to Ballston, Spa, Saratoga, and Lake 
George, 

Schenectady, by railroad, 16 

Ballston, Spa, " 14 30 

Saratoga Springs, " 7 37 

Fortsville, bysiage, 11 4&' 

Glenn's Falls, " 6 54" 

Caldwell, " 9 63 

Ticonderoga, " 37 100 

Schenectady. i 

Ballston Spa. — The springs of Ballston Spa have 
long been celebrated for their medicinal qualities, 
and are resorted to by vast numbers of invalids and 
others. The waters resemble those of Saratoga, 
though not so strongly impregnated with the mineral 
ingredients which characterise the latter. They are 
chiefly saline and chalybeate, but in various degrees. 
Some are exceedingly cold, and strongly charged' 
v/ith oxide of iron and carbonic acid gas. Their 
medicinal quaht'es are of the cathnrdc and tonic 
kind. The chief ingredients of these celebrated 
waters consist of chloride of sodium, bicarbonites of 
magnesia and soda, carbonate of lime, with slight 
traces of carbonate of iron, silex, and alumine. 

In addition to about 520 dwellings, there are, in the 
village, 4 churches, 1 bank, a court house, jail, and 
several excellent hotels and boarding houses, reading 
rooms, &LC. Ballston Spa is, in every respect, one 
of the most pleasant and salubrious places of resort 
ill the county. Here is a railroad to Troy. 



80 KOUTE FROM 

One of the principal drives from the Spa is to 

Bullston LaTte, 5 miles southward, where -equip, 
ments for fishing and fowling may be obtamed. 
A few miles to the S. E. is Round Lake, another at- 
ti-active spot, abounding also with fi^h and fowl. 
The waters of these lakes are discharged into the 
Hudson by Anthony's Kill. 

Saratoga Springs. — The nmst celebrated of these 
springs occupy the central part of Saratoga county, 
and are about equi-distant from Schenectady and 
Glenn's Falls. Every accommodation is atlorded 
the visiters by the spacious and elegant hotels which 
abound here. The most noted of these are, the 
United States, near tlie railroad dep6t ; Congress 
Hall, near Congress spring ; Pavilion, near Flat 
Rock spring ; Union Hall, opposite Congress Hall ; 
Columbian, near the Pavilion; Washington Hall, in 
the north end of the village ; American, Adelphi, 
J\Iontgomery, and Mansion House. In the eastern 
suburbs, Prospect Hall and Highland Hall', to- 
gether with some other hotels and extensive board- 
ing houses. There are also commodious bathing 
houses, circulating library, reading rooms, minera- 
logical cabinet, &c., &c. 

Among the other buildings are, 6 churches, a rail- 
road dep6t, an academy, 2 foundries, printmg offices, 
&c , and about 325 dwellings. 

The springs of Saratoga, now the resort of thous- 
ands of persons in search of health or pleasure, from 
almost every part of the world, were discovered long 
anterior to the revolutionary war. 

Congress. Washington, Putnam, Pavilion, Iodine, 
Hamilton, High Rock, and Flat Pock, are the names 
by which the principal springs«bre known. 

In addition to these are others, called the Ten 
sjyrings, which include the Union spring, about 
a mile east of the others. The ingredients which 
Compose the waters of these springs are nearly the 
same in all, differing but slightly in the relative quan- 



ALBANY TO SAR/rTOGA. 81 

tity of each. Dr. Steel's analysis of one of them, 
(Congress spring,) affords a sufficient insight into the 
nature and qualities of the entire series. 

From 231 cubic inches (one gallon) of the water 
we?e obtained — 

Grains. 

Chloride of sodium, (sea salt,) 385 

Hydriodate of soda, 3 5 

Bi-carbonate of soda, 8 982 

" magnesia 9.5 788 

Carbonate of hme, 98 098 

" iron, 5 075 

Silex, 1 5 

Hydro-bromate of potash, a trace. 

Total Grains, 597 943 

Carbonic acid gas, cubic inches, 311 

Atmospheric air, 7 

Gaseous contents, 318 

Saratoga Lake. — Situated about 5 miles S. E. from 
the spring, is much frequented by the lovers of roman- 
tic scenery by which this beautiful lake is surrounded. 
Its waters abound with several kinds of fish ; aa 
perch, pike, pickerel, &.c.; and the variety of wild 
fowl and other game which inhabit its borders, afford 
ample amusement for the sportsman. The waters of 
these springs flow through a small ravine into Owl 
lake, thence into Kayaderoseros crSek, a tributary 
of Saratoga lake, which has its discharge into the 
Hudsos through Fish creek, about 10 miles E. of Sa- 
ratoga, on the falls of Fish creek, which are also 
much frequented as one of the " lions" of the neigh- 
borhood : and a httle further on, near Schuylersville, 
is the battle-ground of Saratoga, where the British 
army, under General Burgoyne, surrendered to tho 
American forces, October 17, 1777. 

Fortsville. — A post office of Moreau township. 



8^ ROUTE FROM 

GlevJs Falls. — A cataract or rather a cascade of the 
Hudson, with an entire descent of 70 feet. The rock 
is here cut and abraided in the most extraordinary 
manner ; caves, crevices, and gorges of ahnost every 
imaginable form are presented to the sight; over 
which, or through which the water plunges, or silently 
insinuates itself, until it reaches the bed below, where 
it calmly reposes as if weaned with the mighty strug- 
gle just ended. 

The rock, an horizontal secondary limestone, is rich 
in its appropriate fossils. Some of ihe finest speci- 
mens of the trilobite have been found here, together 
with many other organic remains. 

The falls can be best seen from the fine new 
bridge, immediately below. 

Here an extensive and thriving town has grovvn 
up, consisting of nearly 300 buildings with about 2,000 
inhabitants. Am.ong the former are, 3 churches, 10 
or \2 mills of various sorts, some for sawing the 
beautiful black marble which is found on both sides 
of the river. 

Jessup's Falls. — Ten miles above Glen's Falls is a 
cataract of the Hudson, which here descends in an 
unbroken sheet from a height of 100 feet. Hadley's 
Falls 3 or 4 miles higher up the stream, also deserves 
attention. 

Caldwell — A village and seat of justice of Warren 
county, containing about 225 inhabitants, a court 
house, jail, 1 church, several hotels, mills, &c. 

Among ihe relics of former wars in this vicinity, 
are Forts Georg--, south-east of the village, William 
Henry, near the former, and Gage; and stiU^urther 
south-east, is Bloody Pond, into which the dead 
bodies of about 1,000 French and English soldiers 
were thrown after the battle of Sept. 7, 1775. 

The Lake House, — The principal hotel of the place, 
is much resorted to, and is the point of departure of 
the steamboat which conducts the traveler through 

Lalic George. — One of the most beautiful and ro- 



ALBANY TO BALLSTOrV SPA, &C. 83 

mantic sheets of water in the state, is connected by 
a narrow channel and deep fall with Lake Cham- 
plain, to which it is tributary. It has in its immedi- 
ate vicinity, or rather rising from its banks, some of 
the most elevated summits in this part of the state, 
having their precipitous sides covered with forest 
trees. 

There is a vSst number of small islands in the lake, 
many of which arc picturesque and beautiful to a 
high* degree. One of them {Diamond Island) con- 
tains beautiful quartz crystals, resembling, in their 
purity and form, diamonds of the first water. Travel- 
ers uniformly bear testimony to the tranquil beauty 
and sylvan scenery which characterize this beautiful 
spot. Nature here assumes her most charming and 
alluring aspect, to gratify and astonish her admirers ; 
here rocks piled on rocks rise' to a tovrcring height, and 
seem to threaten with instant destruction those v/ho 
venture beneath their overhanging summits. In some 
places, the scenery is of the softest and most agree- 
able kind, consisting of finely sloping banks orna- 
mented with foliage of e%^ery hue. The beauty of the 
scene has not yet been marred by the encroachment 
of art; nature here reigns triumphant. The waters 
of the lake, which are elevated 240 feet above the 
ocean, and perfectly pure and transparent, abound 
with salmon, trout, pickerel, pike, perch, silver and 
lake trout. At the foot of the lake is 

Alexandria. — A village of Essex county, situated 
on Lake Champlain, at the outlet of Lake George, 
containing about 300 inhabitants, mosdy engaged in 
the lumber trade. 

The fall between the tv/o lakes, which is nearly 2;'0 
feet, affords an abundant supply of water for man- 
ufacturing purposes ; but, with the exception of some 
5 or 6 saw mills and a few other works, the im- 
mense water power which nature has here provided, 
remains almost wholly unemployed. 

Fort Ticonderoga. — Situated on the northern point 
formed by theiunction of the two lakes. Of this once 



84 ROUTE FROM 

important work nothing but the broken walls remata, 
presenting a melancholy contrast with the animated 
scenes around. It is considerably elevated above 
Lake Champlain, which is seen for a great distance 
towards the north and south. Its position, it was 
considered, rendered the post nearly impregnable until 
attacked from a more elevated point oil the opposite 
side of the outlet of Lake George, which had until 
'then been deemed inaccessible. 

The most important incident connected with this 
post, then in the possession of the French, was the at- 
tack of Gen. Abercrombie, with a force of 16,000 men, 
on the 5th of July, 1758; who was signally repulsed 
with a loss of 2,000 men, whilst that of the French 
did not exceed 50. The French garrison consisted 
of 3,000 men, including Indians. 

The steamboats of Lake Champlain stop at the 
landing near Fort Ticonderoga, by which passage 
may be had to St. Johns, and thence to Montreal. 



JRouie from Albany to Montreal, via Saratoga, Lake 
Champlain, ^c. 

Saratoga, 37 

Sandy Hill, by stage, 19 56 

Kingsbury " 5 61 

Fort Ann " 5 66 

Whitehall " U 77 

Ticonderoga, by steamboat, 26 103 

Crown Point....... 14 117 

Westport, by steamboat, .11 128 

Essex, «' 11 139 

Port Kent, « , 18 157 

Plattsburg " 18 175 

house's Point, " 30 205 

St. Johns, '« 22 227 

La Prairie, by railroad, 16 243 

Montreal, by steamboat 9 252 

Sandy Hill. — An incorporated village and seat of 



ALBANY TO MONTREAL. 85 

justice of Washington county, with a population of 
1,100, and some 200 buildings, including a court 
house, jail, &c.; 3 churches, 9 extensive factories 
propelled by the water of the Hudson, which here falls 
about 12 feet. A short distance below the village are 
Bakefs Falls, having an unbroken descent of 50 feet. 

A navigable feeder of the Chaniplain canal, and 
the Saratoga and Washington railroad, pass through 
the viUage. 

Kingsbury. — A small hamlet of Washington county, 
containing a church and 20 or 25 buildings. 

Fort Ann — x\n incorporated village of the same 
county, situated on the Champlain canal, comprising 
3 churches and nearly 100 other buildings, with 
about GOO inhabitants. 

Whitehall. — An incorporated town of Washington 
county, situated at the extreme head of Lake Cham- 
plain. It contains about 2,500 inhabitants, 350 
dwelhngs, 3 churches, a bank, 15 factories, besides 
a due proportion of taverns and workshops ; but its 
chief business is connected with the canal and trans- 
portation trade. Here the Champlain canal termi- 
nates, and here the lake navigation commences. 
Steamboats and sailing vessels on the former, and 
canal boats on the latter, are the chief modes of con- 
veyance employed here, and are very extensively 
used. Canal boats depart twice a day for Troy, and 
steam once a day for St. Johns and the intermediate 
places. 

Ticonderoga.i 

Crown Point. — A military post of former times, of 
which the ruins only remain : they may be seen from 
the water, perched upon a point on the side of the 
lake, opposite Cedar point. 

Westport. — A village of Essex county, on the west 
shore of Lake Champlain, containing 600 inhabitants, 
2 churches, an academy, &lc. There is a ferry here 
to the opposite shore of the lake. 

8 



86 ROUTE FROM 

Essex. — A village of the same county, situated on 
the west shore of Lake Champlain, containing 650 
inhabitants, 3 churches. 

A ferry coaiinuaicates with the village of Charlotte, 
on the eastern shore. 

Port Kent. — A busy little village of Essex county, 
with abuut 3UU inhabitants, a church, and the usual 
proportion of taverns, workshops, &lc. The position 
of Port Kent is one of great beauty ; it affjrds an ex- 
tensive view of the lake, and opposite shore of Ver- 
mont. 

Plattshurg. — An incorporated village and seat of 
justice uf Clinton county, situated at the head of Cum- 
berland bay, Lake Ciiamplani, at the outlet of the 
Saranac. Its present population is about 2,750. The 
chief buildings, besides the United States barracks 
in the south part of the village, are, a court house, jail, 
4 churches, a bank, an academy, 20 factories which 
produce cotton and woolen goods, flour, prepared 
marble, lumber, leather, machinery, soap and candles, 
besides many other articles from the shops, &.c. The 
falls of the Saranac having an entire descent of about 
40 feet, supply a water power of great extent. 
Plattsburg is favorably situated both in regard to the 
lake trade and that of the interior, wliich is extremely 
rich in agricultural and mineral productions, 

Fl.ittsburg and its vicinity are memorable as the 
scene of most important events during the recent 
conflict wifh Great Britain. It was near this place 
that the British General, Sir George Prevost, with 
14,000 men, was signally defeated by the American 
General, Macomb, with only 3,000 men, on the ilth 
of September, 1814; and on the same day another 
victory, equally decisive, was achieved over a British 
fleet by Com. M'Donough, with a force greatly in- 
ferior to that of the English. 

Rouse^s Point. — On the west shore of Lake Chanv 
plain is the seat of an important military work, com- 
menced by the American government prior to the late 



AI.BANT TO MO>?TREAL. 87 

war; but on fixing the boundary line between th« 
United States and Canada, under the treaty of Ghent, 
it was found to be north of the hne. and consequently 
within the British territory. It tfius became British 
property, and as such was held by the provincial 
government, uniil restored to the United States in 
obedience to the Ashburton treaty of 1842 

St Johns. — This is the first important place on the 
lake, or rather outlet of Champlain, within the Briti-h 
dominions. It is situated about 21 miles north of the 
boundary line, on the left bank of the Sorel, and com- 
municaies by railroad with 

La Prairie. — A neat little village of La Prairie 
District. Canada East, situated on the right bank of 
the St. Lawrence, opposite the south-east angle of 
Montreal island. A steamboat plies between La 
Prairie and Montreal. 

Montreal.i 



Route from Albany to Montreal, via Troy, Eastorit 
and Whitehall, by stage and steamboat. 

Troy, 6 

Lansingburgh, 3 9 

Schagticoke point, 7 16 

Easton, 10 26 

Aigvie, 20 46 

Hartfort, 10 56 

Granville 7 03 

Whitehall, 9 72 

Montreal, as above, 175 247 

Troy.f 

Lansingburgh. — An incorporated village of Rens- 
selaer county, on the east bank of the Hudson, con- 
taining 3,200 inhabitants. In addition to 500 dwell- 
ing houses, there are 7 places of worship, 1 bank, an 
academy, and 26 extensive factories, whose produce 
is iron and copper ware, floor cloth, brushes, prepai-ed 



88 ROUTE FROM 

gypsums, flour, fire-arms, soap and candles, malt 
liquors, shoes and boots, hats, &.c. 

Lansingburg is environed by a beautiful and exceed- 
ingly populous coilntry. On the opposite side of the 
Hudson, which is here crossed by a bridge, is 

Waterford. — A very handsome and thriving vil- 
lage of Saratoga county. 

The Diamond Rock. — A celebrated eminence, com- 
posed in part of quartz crystal, is situated about one 
mile east from the village. 

Schagticoke. — A small settlement, with a post of- 
fice, in Rensselaer county. 

Easton. — A village of Washington county, con- 
taining 350 inhabitants, 3 churches, with the usual 
complement of stores, taverns, &c. 

Argyle. — An incorporated village of the same 
county, containing 550 inhabitants, with 3 churches, 
grist and saw mills, stores, &c. 

Hartford. — A litde village of the same county, 
containing 150 inhabitants, 2 churches, &c. 

Granville. — A village of Washington county, of 
100 buildings, with about 600 inhabitants. 

WhitehalU 

Montreal.^ 



From Albany to Whitehall, by the Champlain canal. 

West Troy, 7 Fort Miller, 5 40 

Waterford, 4 11 Fort Edward 8 48 

Mechanicsville,... 8 19 Kingsbury, 5 53 

Stillwater, 4 23 Fort Ann, 7 60 

Bemus' Heights, . 3 26 Whitehall, 12 72 

Schuylersviile,.... 9 35 

West Troy.i 

Waterford. — An incorporated village of Saratoga 
county, situated on the Hudson, where it is joined 
by the north outlet of the Mohawk. The village con- 



ALBANY TO WHITEHALL. 89 

tains 4 churches, 1 bank, an academy, and 17 exten- 
sive factories, which produce leather, fire engines, 
machinery, iron castir>gs, buttons, cordage, flour, 
cotton goods. Sec. The villnge is connected with 
Lansi;igburgh by a fine wooden bridge. 'I he Rens- 
selaer and Saratoga railroad from Troy passes through 
the villagp, 

MachamcfviUe. — Situated on the west bank of the 
Hudson, in .Saratoga county, contains about 100 
buildi' gs and 55ii i::hahiianis. Among the former 
are, 2 churches, a cotton factory, 1 grist, 1 saw and 
1 plas^ter mill. The village is iniersecicd by the 
railroad from Troy and Saratoga, and the Chaniplain 
canal, 

Stillicaicr, on the west bank of the Hudson, in 
Saratoga county, contains about 500 inhabitants, 3 
churches, an academy, &c. 

Stillwater is distinguished in the annals of the revo- 
lution. The battles of Saratoga, Bcmus' Heights, 
&c., which resulted in the surrender of (Tcneral Bur. 
goyne to the Americans, under Ge;:eral Gates, ia 
1777, were fought in this neighborhood. 

Bfmus' Heights. — The field on which one of the 
battles jusi mentioned took place. A small settle, 
ment, with a post office, now occupies th ground. 

Schuylersville, on the west bank of the Hudson, 
in Saratoga county, contains Gl'O inhabitants, 3 
churches, an academy, 1 cotton and 1 woolen, 1 iron 
ware, 1 machine, and some other factories. It was 
near this village that Burgoyne surrendered, October 
l7ih, 1777. 

Fort Miller, on the east bank of the Hudson, in 
Washington county, contains 300 inhabitants, a 
church, and 3 or 4 factories. 

There is a fall here of 20 feet, and a dam of 8 
feet, by which the water is raised to supply the canal. 

Fort Edward, of Washington, contains 500 inhab- 
itants, a church, and several factories, stores, &c. 

The village derives its name from a fortress, built 

8* 



90 ROUTE FROM 

during the old French war. It is alsb memorable b.8 
the scene of a most shocking tragedy, in which Miss 
McCrea was murdered by a party of Indians, who 
had undertaken to convey her to her friends : but a 
dispute having arisen among them respecting the 
promised reward, and being attacked by a party of 
American soldiers, they slew the unfortunate young 
lady, whom they left on the ground, tomahawked and 
scalped. 

Kingshury. — A small hamlet and post office in 
Washington county. 

Fort Ann. — An incorporated village of Washing- 
ton county, situated on the left bank of Wood creek, 
a tributary of Lake Champlain. It contains 80 dwell- 
ings, 3 churches, and about 500 inhabitants. The 
remains of old Fort Ann, erected in 1756, may still 
be seen here. 

Whitchall.i 



Frorri Albany to Ithaca, via Coopersfown, by stage. 

Duanesburg, 20 Smyrna, 20 94 

Esperance, 6 26 Deruyter, 21 115 

Cherry Valley,.. ..26 52 Truxton 10 125 

Cooperstown, 12 64 Cordand 13 138 

Burlington 10 74 Ithaca, 21 159 

Duaneshwg. — A small settlement, with a post 
office, in Schenectady county. 

Esperance. — An incorporated village of Schoharie 
county, containing 500 inhabitants, a church, and 
some small factories. 

Cherry Valley. — An incorporated village of Otsego 
county, containing 1,200 inhabitants, 3 churches, a 
bank, an academy, &c. 

About 18 miles beyond Esperance are 

Sharon Springs, which have of late attracted 
unusual attention ; they are situated in the town of 
Sharon, Schoharie county, a few miles east of Cherrjj 



ALBANY TO ITHACA. 91 

Valley. The waters of these springs, which resemble 
those of Central Virginia, being highly charged with 
sulphuretted hydrogen gas, are efficacious in rheum- 
atic, cutaneous, and dyspeptic disorders. The mine- 
ral substances found on analyzing one gallon of the 
water, were 

Sulphate of lime, Ill 62 grains. 

" magnesia 42 40 " 

Chloride of sodium, 2 24 " 

" magnesium, 2 40 " 

Hydro-sulohuret of sodium,. ^ 

" calcium,.. V 2 28 " 
Vegetable extractive matter, . S 



Total grains 160 94 

Sulphuretted hydrogen gas, 16 cubic inches. 

Situated in one of the most salubrious sections of 
the state, surrounded by romantic and beautiful sce- 
nery, with waters possessing in a high degree medical 
and healing properties, the springs of Sharon must 
henceforward be regarded as one of our most attract, 
ive and fashionable watering places. A splendid 
hotel, built on a liberal scale, has been erected for the 
accommodation of invalids and others. 

Travelers from Albany destined for these springs, 
have a choice of route. In addition to the above, 
either the railroad or Erie canal may be taken to 
Canajoharie, whence to the springs it is about 12 
miles. 

Cooperstown. — An incorporated village and seat 
of justice of Otsego county. It occupies a fine posi- 
tion on the outlet of Otsego lake, commanding an 
extensive view of the lake and adjacent country. Its 
population is about 1,500. A court house, jail, 5 
churches, a bank, an academy, and some extensive 
storehouses, constitute its chief buildings. 

Burlington. — A small hamlet, with a post office,- 
in Otsego county. 



92 ROUTE FROM 

Smyrna. — An incorporated village of Chenango 
county, containing 450 inliabitants, 2 churclies, and 
3 factories. 

Deruytcr, — An incorporated village of Madison 
county, having 400 inhabitants, 2 churches, an acad- 
emy, shops, &,c. 

Truxtun — A village of 300 inhabitants, 2 churches, 
a furnace, and 2 or 3 minor factories. 

Cortland. — Seat of justice of Cortland county, con- 
taining 1,300 inhabitants, the usual county buildings, 
3 churches, 3 mills, and some mechanics' shops. 
The site of Cortland is well chosen, and ihe village 
itself is handsome and well Imilt. 

Ithaca. — An incorporated village and seat of jus- 
tice of Tompkins county, is beautifully located on 
Fall creek, near the southern angle of Cayuga lake. 
Its plan is judiciously arranged, with wide and com- 
modious streets, lined with neat and some splendid 
houses; and in ail respects it is one of the finest, as 
it is the largest, town in this section of the state. 
Population about 4.500. The public buildings con- 
sist of a court house, jail, 6 churches, an academ}% 
3 banks, &lc. The factories are located principally 
upon Fall, Cascadilla, and Six Mile creeks, which 
afford an abundance of hydraulic power. Among 
these are, 1 paper mill, 3 furnaces, 1 oil mill, 1 cot. 
ton and 1 woolen factory, 2 plaster ai.d 2 flouring 
mdls, 1 brewery, 2 machine shops, 1 carding mill, 
and others ; together with an extensive rope walk, 
boat yard, &c. Its advantages for trade are in no 
respect infxirior to th<ise already mentioned. It has 
a water communication with th(; Erie canal to the 
north, by means of Cayuga lake and its outlet, which is 
navigated by steamboats. Towards the south, extends 
the Ithaca and Owego railroad ; and on all sides are 
several good common roads, leading to Binghamton, 
Cortland, Cayuga, Geneva, Jefferson, and Elmira, 
respectively. 



ALBANY TO BOSTON. 93 

Soute from Albany to Boston, by railroad. 

Kinderhook, 16 

Chatham four corners, 7 23 

Richmond, 18 41 

Pittsfield, 8 49 

Dalton, 5 54 

Washington, 8 62 

Chester, 19 81 

Springfield, 21 102 

Palmer, 15 117 

Warren, 10 127 

Charlton, 16 143 

Worcester 13 156 

Framingham, 23 179 

Boston, 21 200 

KinderhooTc, — An incorporated village of Colum. 
bia county, containing nearly 1,500 inhabitants, 2 
churches, 1 banking house, and factories of carriages, 
hats, leather, &lc. 

Chatham four corners. — A little village of Colum- 
bia county, comprising 30 dwelling houses, with about 
180 inhabitants. 

Richmond. — An incorporated town of Berkshire 
couniy, Mass., containing 1,097 inhabitants, chiefly 
employed in agriculture. Its manufactures consist 
of pig iron, shovels, leather, boots, shoes, &c. 

Pittsfield. — A large manufacturing town, and the 
centre of an extensive agricultural district of Berk- 
shire, Mass., containing 3,747 inhabitants. The 
place, originally called Pontoosuck by the Indians, 
was for many years a frontier town, garrisoned for 
the protection of the inhabitants against hostile In- 
dians. Pittsfield is finely situated in the Housatonic 
Valley, at an elevation of 1,000 feet above the ocean, 
and surrounded by a country beautifully variegated 
by hill and dale. 

Its manufactures consist of cotton and woolea 



94 ROUTE FROItf 

goods to a great amount, fire arms, iron castings, tin 
ware, &c. ; and its cliief buildings are, 4 churches, a 
banliing house, academy, 1 cotton factory, &c. 

Dalton. — An incorporated town of Berkshire, 
Mass., containing 1.255 inhabitants. The produce 
of its factories consists of woolen goods, iron castings, 
leather, paper, boots and shoes. 

Washington. — An incorporated town of Berkshire, 
Mass., containing 991 inhabitants, 1 church, 8 saw 
and I grist mills. 

Chester. — A town of Hampden county, Mass. con- 
taining 1,632 inhabitants, 2 cotton and 1 woolen 
factories, 1 fulling mill, 5 saw and 2 grist mills, 
stores, &c 

Springfield. — A large and beautiful town of Hamp- 
den county, of which it is the seat of justice, situated 
on the east or left bank of the Connecticut, incorpo- 
rated in 1645. It comprises the usual county build- 
ings, court house &c., 6 churches, 8 cotton, 4 paper, 
and 3 leather factories, 2 breweries, 3 saw and 3 
grist mills, several printing offices, from which four 
weekly papers are issued, 3 academics. Population 
of the township, including the village of Chickopee, 
4 miles above Springfield village, 10,935. 

The United States has here an extensive manufac- 
tory of arms, consisting of 4 large brick buildings 
and several work shops, and employing about 250 
workmen. The power employed by this establish- 
ment is derived from Mill and Chickopee rivers, 
branches of the Connecticut. 

West Springfield. — On the opposite side of the 
Connecticut, which is here crossed by a fine bridge 
1,234 feet in length, is a remarkably neat village, con- 
taining 1 church, several mills, &c. 

Palmer. — A mere hamlet of Hampden county, con- 
eisting of 15 or 20 dwelling houses, &.c. and about 
130 inhabitants. 

Warren. — A small village of Worcester county, sit- 
uated on Chickopee river, containing 2 churches, 3 



ALBANY TO BOSTON. 95 

cotton and 1 woolen factories, 2 falling, 3 grist and 
4 saw mills, 1 forge, &c. 

Charlton. — A village of Worcester county, contain- 
ing 1 cotton factory, ] fulling, 10 saw and 7 gtist 
mills &,c. 

Worcester. — A large and thriving town, and ?eat 
of justice for Worcester county, containing 7. 497 in- 
liabitants. It is favorably situated in the rnidsi of a 
fertile country, intersected by excellent roads in every 
direction. The J'osron and Worcester railroad ter- 
minates, and the western railroad commences here, 
as does that to Norwich. The Blackstone canal, 
which extends to Providence, also commences here. 
The chief buildings consist of those devoted to the 
county courts and ofiices, 4 churches, a banking- 
house, a hall beli'nijing to the American Antiquarian 
Society, State Asylum for lunatics, 1 cotton, and 1 
woolen factory, 1 furnace, 2 paper, 2 grist and 2 saw 
mills, 4 printing offices, each of which issues a week, 
ly paper By means of the various railroads, daily 
communication is had with Boston, Albany, Norwich, 
and the intermediate tovvns. 

Framingham — An incorporated town of Middle- 
sex county, comprising, in addition to several neat 
dwelling houses, a church, 1 leather, 4 woolen and 
1 paper factories, 4 grist and 4 saw mills. 

Boston.i 

TROY. 

A large commercial and manufacturing city of 
Rensselaer county, of which it is the seat of justice, 
and the fourth in point of population of the state of 
New-York; containing 19.334 inhabitants. 

It is verv advantageously situated on the east bank 
.01 the Hudson, a short distance below the head of 
gioop navigation ; having in the rear an extensive fer- 
tile region, of which it is the depository. Its f cilities 
for intercourse are in no way inferior to its a^ricuL 
ttiral advantages, having the Champlain canal in the 



96 ROUTE FROM 

south, the Erie canal from the west, the noble Hud- 
son in the south, together with the use of the various 
railroads which extend in ahnost every direction. 

Among the principal buildings are, a court house, 
built of marble, a jail, an alms house, two extensive 
market houses, 3 Episcopal, 7 Presbyterian, 2 Bap- 
tist, 3 Methodist, 1 Catholic, 1 Universalist churches, 
and a Friends' meeting-house ; 6 banking houses, 21 
hotels, 7 cotton, and 2 woolen factories, 4 furnaces, 8 
forges, 3 fulling and 2 rolling mills, and shtting mills ; 
3 breweries, 5 carriage factories, 7 tan-yards, together 
with a large number of minor establishments of a 
similiar description. The power employed by these 
extensive concerns,, chiefly hydraulic, is derived from 
the Hudson, in which a pool has been formed which 
creates a fall of lU feet. In addition to this valuable 
power, another is afforded by the Poasten kill, whose 
waters are conducted by means of a tunnel 800 feet 
in length into the city, and thus a fall of 180 feet 
has been effected. 

The falls and cascades of Paosten and Wyant'a 
creeks deserve attention. 

Troy is also distinguished for its literary and sci- 
entific institutions; among these are the Rensselaer 
institute, Troy Female Seminary, Troy Academy for 
Boys, Lyceum of Natural History, Young Men's Mu- 
tual Improvement Association, together with several 
benevolent institutions. Ti'oy is supplied with excel, 
lent water from the Piscawen creek. The water is 
conveyed to a distributing basin, 90 feet above the 
Hudson, and situated n the north quarter of the city. 
The city communicates with West Troy on the 
opposite side of the Hudson, by means of a bridge. 
Steam and canal boats, cars and stages, afford almost 
hourly communication with the surrounding towns. 
The Rensselaer and Saratoga railroad extends hence, 
via Waterford and Mechanicsville, to Ballston Spa, a 
distance of 24 miles, where it intersects the Schenec- 
tady and Saratoga railroad. The Schenectady and, 



ROtTTES FROM TROT. 97 

Troy railroad extends from Troy along the south bank 
of the Mohawk to Schenectady, a distance of 20 miles, 
where it joins the great western line to Buffalo &c. 

By Steamboat. Miles. 

From Troy to Albany.t 6 

HudsoR,t 35 

Catskill,t 40 

Poughkeepsie.t 77 

Nowburg,t 90 

West Point,t 99 

Sing Sing,t 118 

Piermont,t 127 

New-York.t 151 

By Railroad. Miles. 

From Troy to Ballston, Spa,t.... 24 

" Saratoga Springs,! 31 

" Schenectady,t 20 

•' Utica,t 97 

" Syracuse,! 150 

" Auburn,t 176 

" Geneva,! 212 

*• Canandaigua,t 227 

•• Rochester,! 254 

Attica,! 297 

'• Buffalo,! 327 

Niagara FaUs,! 350 

By Erie Canal. Miles. 

From Troy to Schenectady! 23 

" Canajoharie,! 62 

" Little Falls,! 81 

Utica,! 103 

•• Syracuse,! 164 

V Montezuma,! 198 

" Lyons,! 218 

" Rochester,! 262 

" ' Lockport,! 326 

Buffalo,! 35Q 

9 



98 ROUTE FROM 

By Champlain Canal. Miles. 

From Troy to Mechanicsville,t 12 

Fort Miller,t 33 

" Fort Ann, t 53 

Whilehallt 65 

By Stage. Miles. 

From Troy to Lansingburgh,t 3 

Easton,t 20 

Hartford,t 50 

Whitehall,! 66 

" Bennington, v., t 26 

By linilroad. Miles. 

From Troy to Grecnbush,t 6 

'* Pittsficld, Mass.jt 55 

'« Springfieldt " 109 

«• Worcester,! '< 162 

" Boston,t '♦ 206 

UTICA. 

A large and flourishing commercial city of Oneida 
county, having a population, according to the census 
of 1840, of 12,810, and upwards of 1,700 buildmgs. 
Among these are, 18 places of worship, an ex- 
change, 4 banks of discount and deposit, and 1 for 
savings ; county hall and offices, 2 academies, 1 
asylum for orphans, a museum, &c. The New- York 
State Asylum for Lunatics, an immense establishment, 
is situated about half a mile to the west of the city. 

Its principal manufactures consist of machinery, 
iron castings, steam engines, oil-cloth, musical instru- 
ments, carriages, snufTand segars, malt liquors, canal 
boats, &c., &c. , 

Uiica is the centre of an extensive and productive 
agricultural district, and as such, enjoys superior ad- 
vantages : it is also indebted for its rapid increase 
and prosperity, in a. great measure, to its situation on 



UTICA TO SACKETT'S HARBOR. 99 

the Erie canal, which here presents an appearance 
of life and animation peculiarly striking to one who 
is not familiar with such scenes. — Canal boats, rail- 
road cars and stages, are constantly arriving or de- 
parting; these enable travelers to proceed without 
delay to any point they may desire. About 14 miles 
nearly due north, are the famous 

Trenton Falls, on West Canada creek, a branch 
of the Mohawk. They consist of a succession of 
cascades, formed by the passage of the stream over 
a limestone ridge. The principal fall has a descent 
of about 70 feet ; none of the others exceed 30 feet 
in vertical height. The aggregate fall of the entire 
scries is about 400 feet, extending in a direction from 
north to south nearly 4 miles. The rock, a slaty 
limestone, has every appearance of having been 
abraided by the action of the v.ater, even to its top- 
most stratum. In some places the sides of the narrow 
ravine are nearly 200 feet above the surface of the 
stream, v.'hich is constantly encroaching upon its 
bed, and sinking gradually deeper into the solid rock. 
Much of the pathway wiuch extends along the right 
bank of the stream, consists of a narrow shelf, cut 
from the rocky side — so narrow and rugged, that 
supports were found necessary. These consist of iron 
chains, adjusted horizontally, and fastened to bolts 
inserted in the rocks : by the aid of these contrivan- 
ces, which the passenger grasps with his hands, he 
is enabled to traverse the entire ravine ; but not with- 
out imminent danger of being precipitated into the 
roaring cauldron below. An interesting and accom- 
plished young lady (Miss Thorne) lost her Hfe some 
years since at one of those dangerous passes. 



100 ROUTE FROM 

ROUTES FROM UTICA. 

From Utica to SackeWs Harbor, by stage; 

Trenton 14 Lowville 4 54 

Remsen 4 18 Denmark 9 63. 

Booneville 14 32 Watertown 19 82 

Turin 11 43 Brownville 4 86 

Martinsburg 7 50 Sackett's Harbor... 8 94 

Trenton. — An incorporated village of Oneida coun- 
ty, containing about 450 inhabitants, 2 churches, 
stores, &LC. A short distance from the village are 
the romantic and beautiful cascades called Trenton 
Falls, mentioned at page 99. 

Eemsen. — A village consisting of about 70 dwell- 
ings, 3 mills, &c., in Oneida county. 

Booneville. — A village of Oneida county, contain- 
ing 650 inhabitants, 2 churches, 1 grist and 1 saw 
mill, tan yard^ &c. The Black river canal passes 
through the village. 

Turin. — A small village of Lewis county, com- 
prising 50 buildings, 2 churches, 1 woolen factory, X 
tan yard, 2 grist and 2 saw mills. 

Martinsburg. — Seat of justice of Lewis county, 
containing between 6 and 700 inhabitants, 3 churches, 
a court house, jail, a bank, an academy, 1 woolen 
factory and several mills. The post road from Utica 
to Ogdensburg passes through the village. 
. Lowville. — A village of Lewis county, containing 
700 inhabitants, 3 churches, an academy, a bank, 
mills, &c. 

Demhark. — A neat little village of Lewis county, 
containing about 200 inhabitants, a church, and an 
academy. 

Watertoion. — A large and important village of 
•TefTerson county, of which it is the seat of justice. 
It is favorably situated on the south side of Black 
river, and contains the county buildings, 7 churches, 
state arsenal. 3 banking houses, 3 printing offices, 



UTICA TO SACKETT'S HARBOR. IQl 

hall of the Black river Institute, Manual Labor School, 
Young Men's Literary Association, Sec. Among the 
factory buildings are, 3 for carding, 1 for flannel, 1 
for broadcloth, 1 for cotton goods, 2 for woolens, 4 
for carriages, 3 carding mills, 5 grist mills 2 tan yards, 
1 paper mill, 3 machine shops, 2 furnaces, 4 saw 
mills, 1 brewery, together with every other establish- 
ment common to a large and busy town. 

The villages of Juhelville and Williamstown, on 
the opposite bank of Black river, which is here crossed 
by fine bridges, may be regarded as appendages of 
"VVatertown. The entire population of the whole is 
about 4,500. 

Brownville. — An incorporated village of Jefferson 
county, situated on the north side of Black river, 
containing about 1,100 inhabitants, 3 churches, 1 
cotton, 2 satinet, and 1 white lead factory ; 2 iron 
foundries, 2 machine shops, 1 oil mill, 1 tan yard, &c. 

Sacketfs Harbor. — An incorporated village of Jef- 
ferson county, containing about 2,300 inhabitants. 
It is favorably situated at the outlet of Black river, 
on one of the finest harbors of Lake Ontario. The 
principal buildings are, 3 churches, 1 bank, an ex. 
tensive rope walk and ship yard, 1 grist, 3 saw and 
1 plaster mill, 1 machine shop, 2 furnaces, and 1 tan 
yard. 

" Madison Barracks," erected by the govprnment 
of the U. States, during the late war with Great Bri- 
tain, consist of a large storehouse, a hospital, a guard 
house, and 3 commodious barracks, the whole being 
enclosed by a picket fence. Sacketi's Harbor be- 
came quite conspicuous during the late struggle with 
England. Here most of the war vessels of the U. 
States, on the lake, were built and equipped ; and 
here may still be seen the remains of the largest of 
those vessels. 



9« 



102 ROUTE FROM 



Uoute from Uiica to Ogdenslurgh, by stagi. 

Denmark, as above, 63 Somerville, 8 94 

Carthage, 6 69 De Kalb,. 18 112 

Antwerp, 17 86 Ogdensburg, 15 127 

Denmark.'^ 

Carthage. — An incorporated village of Jefferson 
Count)^ comprising 120 dwellings, 2 churches, an. 
academy, 2 forges, 2 furnaces, 1 nail and 2 axe fac 
tories, 1 rolling mill, 1 grist and 2 saw mills, 1 oi\ 
mill, several stores, taverns, workshops, &c. 

The " Long" falls of Black river at this place, afford 
a most valuable and extensive water power, which aa 
yet is only partially employed. 

Antwerp. — A small village, consisting of 60 or 70 
buildings, including 2 churches, and some small fac- 
tories, situated on Indian river, Jefferson county. 

Somerville. — A little village of St. Lawrence coun- 
ty, of 30 or 40 buildings. 

De Kalb, of St Lawrence, is a small village, con- 
taining some 50 buildings, including several mills, 
taverns, stores,. &c. 

Ogdensburg. — An incorporated village of St. Law- 
rance county, situated on the right bank of the St. 
L-awrence, at the junction of the Oswegatchie. Its 
present population is nearly 4,000. Its public build- 
ings are, 5 churches, an academy, 2 banking houses, 
3 flour mills, 1 tan yard, 1 cloth factory, 2 iron foun- 
dries, a brewery, 2 machine and several other shops, 
taverns, and about 100 stores of various kinds. A 
steam ferry boat plies across the St. Lawrence to 
Prescott, in Canada West. Passage by steamboat 
may be had daily, from Ogdensburg to the principal 
towns on the St. Lawrence, and above the village, 
on Lake Ontario. 



UTICA TO BIWGHAMTOIT. 103 

Routes from Utica to Binghamton, by sta^e. 

New Hartford 4 Sherburne 5 41 

Paris Hill 6 10 Norwich 11 52 

Waterville 6 16 Oxford 8 60 

Madison 8 24 Greene 14 74 

Hamilton 6 30 Chenango Forks... 7 81 

Earlville 6 36 Binghamton 12 93 

New Hartford. — A village of Oneida county, situ- 
ated on both banks of the Sadaquada creek, contain- 
ing 850 inhabitants, 4 churches, 3 cotton and 1 leather 
factories, mills, a bleaching and dyeing concern, &c. 

Paris Hill. — A pretty little village of Oneida 
county, consisting of some 30 or 40 buildings, includ- 
ing 3 churches, with the customary stores and 
taverns. 

Waterville. — A neat and thriving village of Oneida 
county, containing about 1,000 inhabitants, with 2 
churches, an academy, a bank, and factories of 
starch, woolen goods, iron castings, steel springs, 
lumber, machinery, musical instruments, and flour. 

Madison. — An incorporated village of Madison 
county, comprising about 100 buildings, 2 churches, 
taverns, &c. 

Hamilton — A large incorporated village of Madi- 
son county, containing nearly 1,700 inhabitants. Its 
chief buildings are, 3 churches, a college, (the Ham- 
ilton Literary and Theological Institution,) belonging 
to the Baptists, an academy, with the usual comple* 
ment of stores, shops, &c. The Chenango canal 
passes through the village. 

Earlville. — A village of Madison county, with 700 
inhabitants, 2 churches, stores, &c. 

Sherburne. — An incorporated village of Chenango 
county, situated on the left bank of the Chenango 
river, and on the line of the Chenango canal. Its 
chief buildings are, 4 churches, an academy, 1 furnace-, 
1 pottery, with about 700 inhabitants. 



304 BlNGHAMTOm 

Norwich. — An extensive incorporated village, and 
seat of justice of Chenango county, containing about 
1,600 inhabitants. Besides the customary county 
buildings, court-house, jail, &c., there are 230 dwell- 
ings, 4 churches, 1 saw mill, 2 grist mills, store- 
houses, &c. Its manufactures consist of leather and 
leather goods, broadcloth, coaches and carriages of 
all descriptions," musical instruments, machinery, iron 
w^are. These, in addition to an extensive trade with 
the surrounding fertile country, and the facilities of 
transportation afforded by the Chenango canal, give 
to Norwich an imposing and business-Hke appear- 
ance. 

Oxford. — An incorporated village of Chenango 
county, containing about 1,500 inhabitants, with 2U0 
dwelhngs, 5 churches, an academy, 2 large store- 
houses, 2 mills, 1 foundry, carriage factories, print- 
ing offices, &c. 

Greene. — A village of about 120 buildings and 
800 inhabitants, in Chenango county. Here are 4 
churches, 1 grist and 1 plaster mill, 1 cloth and 2 
leather factories. 

Chenango Forks. — A village of 100 buildings, in- 
cluding a church, in Broome county, situated at the 
point of junction of the Tioughnioga with its recipient, 
the Chenango river, and on the canal from Utica to 
the Susquehanna. Its manufactures consist of cloth, 
leather, and boots, &c. 

Binghamton. — An incorporated village of the first 
class, and seat of justice of Broome county, contain, 
ing about 3,000 inhabitants. The public buildings 
are, a court house, jail, 10 churches, several acad- 
emies and schools ; and its factories consist of 2 
grist, 4 saw and 2 plaster mills, canal boat yard and 
dry dock, steam furnace, machine shops, tan yards, 
and lath and plough and gun factories, &c. ; together 
with many store-houses for the accommodation of 
the canal and river trade, which is here extensively 
prosecuted by meana of the Susquehanna and Che- 



ROUTES FROM TITICA. 105 

nango canal, the latter terminating at Binghamton. 
The New. York and Erie railroad, now in progress, 
will pass through the village, wherfe an extensive de- 
p6i has been constructed. Access to any of the 
adjacent villages is afforded by the numerous canal 
packets and stages, which are constantly departing 
from the village in every direction. 

From Utica to Little Falls by canal, 22 miles. 

•' " by railway, ... 21 " 

" Schenectady t by canal, . 80 ** 

" " by railway, 77 *• 

♦♦ Albanyt by canal, 110 •' 

*« " by railway, 93 «* 

" Rome t by canal, 15 ** 

" " ^by railway, 14 •* 

«♦ Syracuse t by canal, 61 " 

" " by railway, 53 " 

«' Rochester t by canal,.. ..159 •* 

" " by railway,. ...158 ♦• 

" Saquoit by railway, 9 ** 

" Sharon Springs by stage, 43 « 

" Bridge water " .... 18 <* 

« Cherry Valley « .... 40 « 

" Cooperstown " — 37 " 

" Morrisville " .... 27 *• 

Oneida Lake " .... 28 «« 

•♦ Oswego by railroad and 

canal, 99 " 

High Falls of Black R., 41 '' 
" MiddleviUe, 13 " 



ROCHESTER.t— (See p. 66.) 
Boute from Rochester to Olean, hy stage, 

Scottsville, 12 Nunda Valley, ....10 49 

Caledonia, 8 20 Angelica, 20 69 

Moscow, 16 36 Olean, .....30 99 

Mount Morris, 3 39 



106 ROUTE FROM 

Scotteville, — A village of Monroe county, contain- 
ing about 550 inhabitants, 2 churches, 2 grist, 2 saw 
and 1 plaster mill, distillery, ashery, «&c. 

Caledonia.— A village of Livingston county, com- 
prising 80 dwellings, 2 churches, a brewery, saw 
and grist mills, «Scc. 

Moscow. — A village of Livingston county, contain- 
ing about 450 inhabitants, 3 churches, taverns, stores, 
shops, &c. 

Mount Morris. — An incorporated village of Liv- 
ingston county, with about 230 buildings, including 
4 churches, 1 furnace, a pottery, 4 milts, propelled 
by the waters of the Genesee, and 1,300 inhabitants. 
The canal here sends off a branch to Dansville, dis- 
tant 11 miles. 

Nunda Valley. — A village of Allegany county, 
■with nearly 1,100 inhabitants, 3 churches, an acad- 
emy, 1 woolen factory, 1 furnace, 1 machine shop, 
stores, &c. 

Angelica. — An incorporated village and seat of 
justice for Allegany county, with about 1,000 inhab- 
itants. In addition to about 150 well built dwellings, 
there are, in the village, a court house, jail, a bank, 3 
churches, a woolen and leather factory, saw and 
grist mills. 

Olean. — A neat village of Cattaraugus county, 
beautifully situated on the right or north bank of tho 
Allegany, containing 700 inhabitants, 2 churches, 4 
mills, &c. The Genesee valley canal, which unites 
the Erie canal at Rochester with the Allegany river, 
terminates here, after having passed through or near 
every town on this route. 

From Olean to Ellicottsville, by stage, ... 20 miles. 

" Franklinville, ♦' 25 " 

" Bolivar, *' ....... 15 " 

" Whitesville, " 35 " 

•• Friendship, " 20 " 

" Rochester, by canal,.... .....107 " 



ROCHESTER TO BATH. 107 

From Olean to Piusburg, Pa., by Allegany 

river, 210 miles. 

" Coudersport, Pa., 35 " 



Fioutc from Hochcsicr to Bath, hy stage, via Geneseo 
and Avon Springs. 

Henrietta, 8 Dansville, 18 48 

Avon Springs 12 20 Liberty, 12 60 

Geneseo, 10 30 Bath 16 76 

Henrietta. — A small village of Monroe county, 
containing 190 inhabitants, 30 dvvelUngs, 2 churches, 
a high school, stores, &c. 

. Avon Springs. — Celebrated medicinal springs, 
much resorted to by invalids and others, situated in 
the town of Avon, Livingston county. The waters 
of these noteci springs, 12 in number, are beneficial 
in cutaneous affections, and in disorders of the di- 
gestive powers generally. 

Tliey are composed of carbonat^and sulphate of 
lime, sulphate of magnesia and soda, sulphuretted 
hydrogen and carbonic acid gases, with slight traces 
of chloride of calcium. 

Their temperature is uniform, (45^ of Fan.,) and 
specilic gravity, 10.018. 

Geneseo. — A large and beautiful village of Liv- 
ingston county, of which it is the seat of justice, con- 
taiiiing about 1,000 inhabitants. Its chief buildings 
are, a court house, jail, a bank, 3 churches, a high 
school, together with the usual proportion of taverns, 
stores, mechanics' shops, «&c. Geneseo is finely sit- 
uated about 4 miles east of the Genesee, which, from 
the commanding position of the village, is seen, in 
connection with its canal, to great advantage. 

Danf^ville. — A large and busy village of Living, 
ston county, containing about 1,700 inhabitants, 4 
churches, and a bank. Dansville is admirably sit. 
uated for manufacturing purposes ; a fall of 65 feet, 
in the Canaseraga creek, aflbrds an ahnost unlimited 



108 ROUTE FROM 

power, which is, as yet, but partially employed^ 
The village is connected with the Genesee valley 
canal by a branch 11 miles in length. The man- 
ufactures of the place consist of paper, which is made 
in large quantities, leather, flour, iron castings, and 
nearly every article of domestic use, as hats, shoes, 
Boap, candles, &c. 

Liberty. — A neat little village of Steuben county, 
on the Conhocten creek, containing 50 dweUings, 2 
churches and nearly 300 inhabitants. 
\ Bath. — An incorporated village and seat of justice 
of Steuben county, containing the county buildings, 
5 churches, 230 dwellings, a bank, 2 printing officesy 
1 grist, 1 plaster and 1 oil mill, a tan yard, and a . 
furnace, with 1,500 inhabitants. 

From Bath to Crooked Lake, v""* 6 miles. 

" Kennedyville 5. *• 

" Avoca, 10 " 

" Angelica, 50 " 

" Adiimsport 23 *« 

CampbeU, 12 *• 

*• Corning, , 27 •» 

" Elmira, 40 " 

«• Seneca Lake, 28 «• 

From Rochester to Batavia, by railway,... 30 miles. 

" Buffalo, " ... 73 " 

•« « by canal, 94 «• 

•• Niagara Falls, by canal 

and railway, 88 " 

" Canandaigua, byr'way, 27 •• 

\ *• Auburn, by railway,... 51 •• 

»• Utica, " ...157 «• 

•• Palmyra, by canal, .... 29 " 

•• Lyons, ^' .... 44 " 

«« Syracuse, " .... 98 ** 

•• Utica, *« ....159 «' 

« Clean, » ....107 " 

♦* Lake Ontario, " ..,. 10 '• 



BUFFALO TO DETROIT. 309 

BUFFALO, t 

Route from Buffalo to Detroit, hy steamboat. 

Dunkirk, 40 Cleveland, 70 184 

Erie, Penn, 42 82 Sandusky, 54 238 

Conneaut, O., ....32 114 Detroit, 62 300 

Dunkirk. — An incorporated village of Chautauque 
county, situated on the S. E. margin of Lake Erie, 
where the Hudson and Erie railroad has its western 
terminus. It comprises about 220 buildings, \r)~ 
eluding 2 cJiurches, several mills, with 1,200 inhab- 
itants. 

Erie, — A large and flourishing town, and seat of 
justice of Erie county, Penn., situated at the head of 
Presque Isle bay, and contains a population of 3,412. 
Its chief buildings are, a court house, jail, 8 churches, 
an academy, a bank, a vast number of extensive 
warehouses for the lake trade, iron foundries, grist 
and other mills, tan yards, &c. 

Conneaut. — A neat little town of AsTitabula coun- 
ty, Ohio, situated on the Conneaut river, near its en- 
trance into Lake Erie. Population 2,642. 

Cleveland. — A large and important city of Cuyaho- 
ga county, Ohio, beautifully situated on the southern 
shore of Lake Erie, at the mouth of the Cuyahoga 
river. It is the emporium of an extensive trade by 
the lake, and the Ohio and Erie canal, which latter 
extends from Cleveland to Portsmouth, on the Ohio 
river. In common with every other part of the state 
of Ohio, the growth of Cleveland is almost unprece- 
dented. A few years since its site presented not a 
trace of civilization ; now it yields only to Cincinnati 
in point of population, which exceeds 6,000 souls. 
The plan of the town is very regular, with wide and 
well graded streets, lined with fine buildings. Main 
street, the principal avenue, is 120 feet in breadth. 
The chief public buildings, some of which front on a 
public square, consist of a court house and the usual 



110 ROUTE FROM 

county offices, 8 handsome churches, 2 banking 
houses. 

Sandusky. — A town of Erie county, of which it is 
the seat of justice, beautifully 'situated on the south- 
ern margin of Sandusky bay. The buildings, which 
are constructed niosily of stoni=i, consist of 350 dwell- 
ings, 4 elegant churches, and an academy, with 
1,500 inhabitants. 

Detroit. — The capital -of the state of Michigan, 
and the most extensive and important city of the N. 
W. region of the United States. It occupies the gate 
between the upper and lower lakes, and commands 
a vast and lucrative trade with the growing interior. 
In addition to about 1,700 dwelling houses there are, 
the capitol or legislative hall, with its offices, city hall, 
10 churches, some of which are large and elegant, 4 
banks, a theatre, a museum, a state penitentiary, 
mechanics' hall, 2 asylums for orphans, 3 furnaces, 
breweries, potteries, &c. Public and private schools 
of the first order are numerous. Benevolent and 
literary institutions also abound here.^ There are 3 
printing offices, from which 3 daily and 4 weekly 
newspapers are issued. Detroit is one of the oldest 
towns in the United States, having been founded by 
the French settlers, in 1763. It was incorporated as 
a city in 1815. The central railway, which is de- 
signed to intersect the state from east to west, is fin. 
ished, and in operation from Detroit to Jackson, a 
distance of 80 miles. This, with good common roads 
and the facilities of intercourse nfTorded by the lakes, 
must insure a full share of trade lo Detroit, which is 
justly regarded as the commercial emporium of this 
section of the country. 



Route from Buffalo to Erie, Fenn., hy stage. 

Hamburg, 14 Westfield, 15 60 

Irving, 16 30 Erie, 30 90 

Fredonia, 15 45 



BUFFALO TO ERIE, PA- 111 

Hamhurg. — A post office, with a few dwellings, in 
Erie county. 

Irving. — A mere liamlet of 12 or 15 buildings, of 
Chautauque county, situated at the outlet of Cattarau- 
gus creek. It is a port of entry. 

Fredonia — A large and flourishing village of Chau- 
tauque county, situated 3 miles from Lake Erie. It 
was incorporated in 1829, and now contains 1,200 
inhabitants. Among the buildings are, 6 churches, 
an academy, 4 mills of various sorts, a furnace, and 
a clothier's estabhshment. Some of the streets and 
houses of the village are lighted from a natural gas. 
ometer, situated near the bed of the adjoining stream, 
from which issues immense quantities of carburetted 
hydrogen gas. Several similar inflammable springs 
have been discovered in the neighborhood. 

Westfield. — An incorporated village of Chautauque 
county, containing 1,100 inhabitants, 3 churches, aa 
academy, 6 mills, and several factories- 

Erie.f 

li'rom Buffalo to Mayfield, G5 miks« 

Ellicottville, 48 " 

" Geneseo, 62 .*• 

« Welland canal, -...20 <♦ 

*• Niagara falls, by railway, .23 '* 

" do the Canada side,. 19 " 

" Attica, by railway, 31 ^* 

« Batavia 43 « 

" Rochester, 73 «' 

«♦ Pendleton, by canal, 24 " 

« Lockport 31 « 

Albion, 60 « 

«« Brockport, 71 ^ 

" Rochester, 95 " 



112 KUUTJS FKOM 

NIAGARA FALLS.t 

Eoute from Niagara to Montreal, by steamboat, ^c. 

Queenston 6 Prescot l4 339 

Niagara village . . 7 13 Hamilton 18 357 

Toronto 30 43 Cornwall 28 381 

Port Hope 66 109 Coteau duLac....32 417 

Coburg 36 145 Les Cedres 7 424 

Oswego 74 219 Cascades 7 431 

Kingston 58 277 La Chine 16 447 

Elizabethtown....48 325 Montreal .......... 8 455 

From Niagara to Lockport, by railway, ....24 miles. 

»' Rochester, R.R. & canal,88 

»' Buffalo, by railway, 23 

" do stage, Canada side, 19 

" Chippewa, 2 

« Fort Erie 18 

" Welland canal, 5 

" Stonebridge, 17 

*' Lewistown, 6 



Eoute from New- York to Boston, by steamboat and 
railroad, via Stonington. 

Hell-gate 9 Connecticut river 19 111 

Flushing bay 4 13 River Thames.... 14 125 

Throg's point 3 16 Stonington 16 141 

NewRochelleL,. 8 24 Kingston, r. way 23 164 

Stamford 17 41 Providence 24 188 

Stratford point ...26 67 Mansfield 17 205 

New Haven 13 80 Boston 24 229 

Faulkner's islandsl2 92 

Hell.gate. — A narrow, crooked, and difficult straft 
in the East river, formed by projecting rocks, by which 
the water passes with such velocity as to endanger 
vessels in navigating this modern Charybdis. By 
skillful management, Hell-gate is now passed with„ 



NEW-YORK TO BOSTON. 113 

out apprehension, and the terrors with which it was 
formerly approached are no longer felt by navigators. 

Flushing Bay. — An indentation of Long Island, at 
the head of which is the pretty village of Flushing 
mentioned at page 21. 

• Throg^s Point. — A projection of' West Chester 
county into Long Island sound, on which is situated 
Fort Schuyler, a military post recently erected by the 
United States government, for the defence of the city 
of New. York. Immediately after passing Throg's 
Point, we enter 

Long Island Sound. — An extensive arm of the 
Atlantic ocean, about 100 miles in length from W. 
S. W. to E. N. E., and of a mean breadth of 12 
miles. Its widest part is off New-Haven harbor, 
where it is 22 miles in width. The Sound, which 
communicates with the adjacent ocean, both at its 
eastern and western extremities, has Long Island on 
the south, the coast of Connecticut on the north, and 
that of West Chester county of New- York, on the 
west. Its outlines are numerously indented by bays 
of every form, and its surface diversified by many 
small islands which serve to beautify the view. The 
navigation of Long Island sound affords a mosi4e- 
lightful excursion, as it combines both river and ocean 
scenery in the utmost perfection, without the dull 
monotony of the latter. 

New Eochelle Landing. — The port of New Ro- 
chelle, a village of West Chester county, containing 
800 inhabitants, a town hall, 3 churches, several 
boarding schools, button factory, and ink and car- 
riage factories ; many extensive hotels and boarding 
houses for the accommodation of the citizens of New 
York, many of whom spend the summer months 
here. 

Stamford. — A beautiful town of Fairfield county, 
Connecticut, containing about 2,000 inhabitants. 

Stratford Point. — A noted landing place in Fair- 
field county, Connecticut. 

10» 



114 ROUTE FROM 

New.Haven Harbor. — A bay of Long Island sound, 
at the head of which is the beautiful city of New 
Haven. 

Falknefs Islands. — A small cluster of islands 
about 5 miles off the coast of New-Haven county. 

Connecticut Eiver. — This is the principal river of 
New England, which has its first fountain in Canada, 
and after passing southward and dividing the states 
of New-Hampshire and Vermont, and intersecting 
those of Massachusetts and Connecticut, enters Long 
Island sound about 30 miles east of New Haven. 
The entire course of this beautiful stream is marked 
by scenery of the most romantic and alluring descrip- 
tion. It is diversified by hill and dale, and towards 
the north, it assumes an almost Alpine aspect, with 
every characteristic of the most rugged and mountain- 
ous regions. In approaching its discharge into the 
sound, \\f gradually declines and gently meanders 
through the green fields of Connecticut, to its final 
union with its great recipient, Long Island sound. 

River Thames. — A small stream of the state of 
Connecticut, having the towns of New London and 
Norwich on its right bank ; the former about 4, and 
the latter 20 miles from its mouth. This river forms 
a part of a route from New York to Boston, which 
will be noticed hereafter. 

Stonington. — An incorporated village of New 
London county, Connecticut, finely situated in the 
S. E. extremity of the state, and on the margin of the 
strait between the main land and Fisher's island. It 
contains about 1,500 inhabitants, many of whom are 
engaged in the v/hale and seal fisheries. Stonington 
became quite conspicuous during the late war with 
Great Britain. On the 10th of August, 1814, it was 
vigorously bombarded by a British fleet, which, how- 
ever, was soon obliged to withdraw without accom- 
plishing its object. 

Here the passengers for Boston leave the steam- 
boat and enter the care. 



NEW-YORK TO BOSTON. 115 

Kingston. — A small village* of Rhode island. 

Providence. — A large commercial and manufactur- 
ing city of Rhode Island, of which state it is the seat 
of government. It is advantageously situated on both 
sides of Providence river, a tributary of Narraganset 
bay. There are in the city and its dependencies not 
less than 4,000 buildings of every sort, including some 
elegant public and privafe structures. Among these 
are many handsome churches, and several edifices 
belonging to Brown's (Iniversity, established in 1770. 
The arcade, 222 feet in length and 72 in breadth, built 
of stone, is a beautiful building; together with many 
others devoted to literar}'-, scientific, and commercial 
purposes. The manufactures of Providence and its 
neighborhood, in which nearly one-fourth of the in- 
habitants are engaged, are vast and various ; consist- 
ing chiefly of cottoii goods of every variety, iron, 
copper and tin ware, and machinery of all kinds, 
jewelry, &c. Besides the railroads to Boston and 
Stonington, respectively. Providence enjoys the ad- 
vantages of the Blackstone canal, which affords a 
navigable communication to Worcester, Mass. By 
the aid of these valuable auxiliaries, combined with 
excellent common roads, its domestic intercourse with 
the neighboring towns is largely promoted. Provi- 
dence has also an extensive and valuable foreign 
commerce, especially with India and the islands of 
Oceana : this, however, has somewhat diminished of 
late, owing to the diversion of much of its capital to 
the purposes of domestic manufactures. 

Boston — The great metropolis and capital of the 
state of Massachusetts, and the fifth city of the United 
States in point of population and extent. It is beau- 
tifully situated on a peninsula, which juts from the 
main land into Massachusetts bay ; by which, and 
Charles river bay on the west, it is nearly surround- 
ed. The former bay, which forms the harbor, is 
studded in every direction by several pretty islands, 
jBorae of which are crowned with tasty structures and 



116 ROUTE FROUT 

fortifications. These, with the numerous bridges ex. 
tending from the city to the opposite shores and the 
adjacent villages, impart great beauty and interest 
to the entire landscape, when viewed from any of the 
neighboring eminences. 

The city itself is somewhat irregular in its plan, 
and, with some exceptions, is disfigured by narrow and 
crooked streets. Those of a recent date are, how- 
ever, laid out on a more commodious and liberal scale, 
and lined for the most part with elegant and substan- 
tial buildings. Among these, the following deserve 
notice : the Old State House, on Washington and 
State streets ; State House, on Beacon street, in which 
the beautiful statue of Washington, by Chantry, is p!a. 
ced, and from the dome of which the city and its envi- 
rons may be seen to great advantage ; Faneuil Hall, 
in Dock square ; Massachusetts Hospital, on the 
banks of Charles river ; Faneuil Hall Market, and 
Quincy Hall, on Dock square, is an immeiise pile, 
536 feet in length; Tremont House, on Beacon and 
Tremont streets, contains 180 apartments; New Court 
House, in Court square, 176 feet in length and 54 in 
width ; Houses of Industry, Correction and Refer, 
ination, in South Boston ; Trinity CJjurch, in Sum- 
ner street ; St. PauVs Church and Masonic Hall, in 
Tremont street ; Washington Bank ; Suffolk Bank, 
late United States Bank, in State street ; Park street 
Church, &c.; Boston Theatre, now the '* Odeon," 
on Franklin and Federal streets, is now employed 
as a place of worship ; Tremont Theatre, on Tre- 
mont street ; National Theatre, corner of Travers 
and Portland streets. 

Among the other objects of interest, in or around 
Boston, are the following : 

Boston Common, a public promenade, consisting 
of 75 acres of ground, surrounded by an iron raihng, 
and ornamented with gravelled walks, trees, &c. 

Mount Auburn Cemetery. — A beautiful rural 
place of sepulture, is situated about 3 miles west of 



NEW-YORK TO BOSTON. 117 

the city. It comprises about 100 acres of land, which 
is appropriately arranged and adorned for the pur- 
poses to which it is devoted. 

Bunker Hill Monument, in Charlestown ; where 
are, also, the U. States Navy Yard, McLean Asy. 
Inm for the insane, State Prison, &c. In South 
Boston, are Dorchester Heights, 130 feetTabove the 
adjacent bay, from which a fine view of Boston, &c. 
is had. 



Eoute from New. York to Boston, via Norwich, by 
steamboat and railway. 

Thames river, as above, 125 

New London, 4 129 

Norwich, 16 145 

Jewett's City, 9 154 

Canterbury 6 160 

Westfield, 12 172 

Thompson, 12 184 

Oxford, 10 194 

Worcester 10 204 

Boston, 44 248 

New London. — A city, and one of the seats of jus- 
tice for New London county, Conn. It is situated 
on the west bank of Thames river, and contains 
about 4,700 inhabitants, most of whom are engaged 
in the fishing business. The city is defended by two 
fortresses, one on each side of the river, which 
command the entrance. New London suffered Se- 
verely during the revolutionary war. On the 6th of 
September, 1781, it was attacked by a British force 
of 24 vessels, under the renegade Arnold, and, after 
a slight resistance, succeeded in destroying a consi- 
derable portion of the city. 

Norwich. — A beautiful and flourishing city of New 
London county, situated at the forks of Yantic and 
Shetucket rivers, the two principal branches of the 



118 ROUTE FROM 

Thames. Its chief buildings are, a court house, 
a town hall, an academy. In Granville, a suburb of 
Norwich, are 3 extensive paper mills, besides 10 or 
12 other factories, which produce cotton and woolen, 
goods in large quantities, with many other articles. 
The falls of Shetucket deserve attention. Popula- 
tion of Norwich, according to the census of 1840, is 
4,500. 

JeioeWs City. — An extensive manufacturing vil- 
lage of New London county. 

Canterbury, 

Westfield, and 

Thompson, are small villages of Windham county, 
Conn. 

Oxford. — A village of the township of the same 
name, in Worcester county, M^ss. 

Worcester.f 

Boston.^ 



Route from New York to Boston, via Bridgeport, by 
steainhoat and railroad. 

Bridgeport, St. boat, 60 Canaan falls, R.R. 6 126 

Newtown, R. R. 20 80 W. Stockbr. do 28 144 

New Milford, do 16 96 Springfield, do 62 206 

Kent, do 12 108 Worcester, do 54 260 

Cornwall, do 12 120 Boston, do 44 304 

Bridgeport. — A city of Fairfield county, Conn., 
beautifully situated on a small bay of Long Island 
sound, having a population of about 1,700. Since 
the completion of the Housatonic railroad, which 
commences here, the city has assumed quite a busi- 
ness-like appearance, and is now one of the most 
flourishing and handsome towns of the state. 

Newtown. — A neat village of Fairfield county. 

New Milford. — A handsome little village of Litch- 
field county, Conn. 



NEW-YORK TO BOSTON. 119 

Kent. — A village of Litchfield county, Conn., si- 
tuated on the Housatonic river. 

Cornwall. — A village of the same county, roman- 
tically situated among the hills of Housatonic. A 
school for the instruction of Indians was established 
here in 1818, at which Obookiah, a native of Owyhee, 
was educated ; but, ere he could return to his native 
country, he sickened and died. A neat monument 
to his memory may be seen in the village church- 
yard. 

Canaan falls. — A beautiful cataract in the Housa- 
tonic river, occasioned by a ledge of limestone rocks, 
over which the water is precipitated, in an unbroken 
fall of 60 feet. 

West Stockbridge.f — [Here the Housatonic rail- 
road is intersected by the Albany and West Stock- 
bridge railway, by which a practicable route from 
New York to Albany is furnished. The distance 
from New York to Bridgeport, by steamboat, is 60 
miles, thence to West Stockbridge 94 miles, and 
thence to Albany 41 miles. Total distance from N. 
York to Albany 195 miles.] 

Springfield.i 

Worcester.^ 

Boston.i 



Boute from New. York to Hartford, Conn. 
N. Haven," as above, 80 Mcriden.byR.R. 6 98 
Wallingford,R.R.12 92 Hartford, do 18 116 

New Haven. — One of the capitals of the state of 
Connecticut, and the most populous and beautiful 
town of the state. New Haven has long been cele- 
brated, not only as the seat of Yale College, one of the 
oldest and niost distinguished schools of the country, 
but also for its numerous scientific and literary in- 
stitutions ; which, with the uncommon beauty of the 
city itself, and the general intelligence of the inhabit- 



120 . CANADA. 

ants, render it one of the most attractive places in 
New England. Population 12,960. 

Wallingford. — A village of New Haven county, 
beautifully situated on an eminence about a mile east 
from the Quinnipiac. It consists of two parallel 
streets extending along the ridge of a hill. The main 
street, on which the most of the buildings are erect- 
ed, is nearly a mile in length. 

Meriden. — A manufacturing town of New Haven 
county. Here are produced, in great abundance, 
patent augers and auger bitts, combs, tin and Britan- 
nia ware, iron castings, coifee mills, clocks, ironmon- 
gery, block tin ware, skates, rakes, &c. 

A short distance from the village is the famous 
Cat Hole, a narrow and romantic glen, through which 
a road has been constructed. 

Hartford. — A city, and one of the capitals of Con- 
necticut, situated on the right or west bank of Con- 
necticut river. The city plot is rather irregular, and 
is intersected by Little river, over which is a fine 
bridge. Another bridge across the Connecticut unites 
the city with East Hartford. Among the most promi- 
nent objects in the city are, the American Asylum 
for the instruction of the deaf and dumb ; JReireat 
for the Insane ;. Washington College ; and the Char- 
ter Oak, an old tree, of immense proportions, in the 
hollow of which was secreted, and thus preserved, 
in the year 1687, the original colonial charter, which 
had been demanded by the Governor General, with 
a view to its abrogation. 



CANADA. 



GENERAL VIEW. 



A vast territory of North America, belonging at 
present to Great Britain, lying in a N. E. and S. W. 
direction, principally along the N. side of the St. Law- 



CANADA. 121 

rence, and the N, and E. sides of lakes Ontario, Erie, 
Huron, and Superior, between 57° 50^ and 90° W. 
lonfjitude, and 42° and 52° N. latitude. The other 
portion of Canada, or that on the S. side of the St. 
Lawrence, is of comparatively limited dimensions : 
it stretches along the river from near Montreal to Point 
Gaspe, at its embouchure, having on the S. the terri- 
tory of the United States and New Brunswick. On 
the N.. Canada has Labrador and the inhospitable 
territories belonging to the N. W. Company, the boun- 
dary in this direction being the elevated grounds, or 
water sheds, separating the rivers which run S. to the 
St. Lawrence and the great lakes from those which 
run N. to Davis' straits and Hudson's bay. The 
length of Canada, from Amhersiburg, on Detroit river, 
the extreme S. W. limit of the province, to Sablon 
harbor, on the strait of Belle Isle, its extreme N. E. 
limit, is about 1,450 miles, its breadth may vary from 
200 to 400 miles. Its area has been estimated at about 
350,000 square miles ; and its population at present 
probably exceeds a million. It is wholly within the 
basin of the St. Lawrence, of which it includes the 
entire N. and a small part of the S. slope. 

This great territory, which is consolidated under 
one administration, is divided into two parts as for. 
merly, but are designated as "Canada West" and 
" Canada East," the former being identical with Up- 
per, and the latter with Lower Canada. The Ottawa 
or Grand river, which has its sources in about 48° 
30' N. latitude, and 80° W. longitude, and flows in an 
E. S, E. direction till it unites with the St. Lawrence, 
near Montreal, forms nearly in its whole extent the 
line of demarcation between the two provinces. Can- 
ada West is entirely an inland province ; but from 
its having the great lakes and a part of the St. Law- 
rence for its boundary, it has a vast command of in- 
ternal navigation, and a ready access to the ocean. 

The N. portion of Canada consists of a table-land, 
Jittle of which has been hitherto explored. In Can- 

11 



122 CAKAUA. 

ada West, E. of Huron, it has an average elevation 
of perhaps from 1,200 to 1,300 feet. It is covered with 
forests interspersed with ravines, swamps, and tor- 
rents ; and abounds with lakes which, any where but 
in the neighborhood of the immense lakes of this con- 
tinent, would be deemed of considerable size. The 
coast of Canada East, N. E. of the Saguenay, is less 
lofty than S. W. of that river; but of a very uninvit- 
ing description. The interior of this part of the coun- 
try is described as composed of rocky cliffs and low 
hills, scattered over barren plains, diversified with 
thick forests of stunted pines, and checkered with 
small lakes. The greater part of the immense dis- 
trict of Quebec presents a chaos of mountains, lakes, 
and torrents, tenanted only by wild beasts, and a few- 
wandering Indians. From the mouth of the Sague- 
ftay to Cape Tourment, near Quebec, the shore of the 
St. Lawrence is bold and desolate ; but W. of this 
point a plain country begins to extend inland, with a 
variable breadth of from 15 to 40 miles, rising into the 
table-land behind it by successive terraces. The cul- 
tivated country N. of Quebec does not extend fari 
being hemmed in by hill ranges. But as these ranges 
gradually recede from the St. Lawrence, and the 
country, at first diversified by varied eminences, sinks 
into a level plain, the surface of settled and cultivated 
land increases ; and this is especially the case as we' 
approach and penetrate Canada West. The penin- 
sula or great plain of this province, between lakes 
Huron, Erie, and Ontario, comprising about 20,000 
square miles, consists, for the most part, of alluvial 
soil, on a calcareous substratum. It is of varying 
fertility ; but, on the whole, is believed to be the best 
grain country of any of the more N. portions of the 
American continent. A large part of this fine plain' 
i^ still covered with lofty forests : it has, however, 
some prairies, or natural meadows ; but these are not 
extensive. At some remote period it had evidently 
formed part of the bed of a vast inland sea, of which 



CANADA. 123 

the five great lakes having been the deepest, are now 
the principal remaining portions. N. of lake Ontario, 
two terraces intervene between the plain on the shore 
of the lake and the table-land in the N., decreasing 
somewhat in fertility as they increase in height, and 
separated from each other and from the plain by two 
ranges of hills of moderate elevation. The most S. 
of these two ranges unite near longitude 80° with a 
third, which passes N. and S. from Natawasanga 
bay, in lake Huron, to the W. extremity of lake On- 
tario. The combined range, after encircling the head 
of the latter lake, crosses the bed of the Nia t^ara river, 
forming the ledge over which are the celebrated falls, 
and is finally lost in the territory of the U. States. 

That part of Canada East, S. of the St. Lawrence, 
extending between longitude 72^30' and 74° 30, and 
entering into the district of Montreal, consists, for 
the most part, of an extended plain almost complete- 
ly flat, except that some detached hills diversify the 
surface, one of which, that of Rouville, is 1,100 feet 
in height. It is less extensive than the plain on the 
opposite shore of the river, and contains no large 
towns, but it is in many districts equally fertile and 
well watered, and the cities are dependent on it for 
a large proportion of their supplies. To the S. and 
E. it ascends by degrees into the mountainous re- 
gions. The aspect of the S. shore of the sestuary of 
the St. Lawrence, between longitude 69° 30'' and 72°, 
though bold and hilly, is not mountainous, as on the 
opposite shore : and the hill ranges are interspersed 
with valleys and even plains of some extent, many 
of which, from the encouragement afforded by the 
contiguous markets of the capital, have been brought 
into very tolerable cultivation. E. of Kamouraska, 
the country is diversified by more abrupt eminences, 
while population and culture become more limited ; 
and in the district of Gaspd the mountains rise into 
two chains of considerable elevation, enclosing be- 
tween them a lofty table-land or central valley. The 



124 CA3VABA- 

most southerly of these chains bounds on its 6. side 
the valley of the Ristigouche and St. John rivers. 

Besides the great lakes indenting the W. outhne of 
the country, Canada contains, as has been already 
said, numerous minor, yet still considerable, bodies 
of water. In Canada East, the lakes and rivers have 
been estimated to cover 3,200 square miles of surface; 
the principal of the former hitherto discovered are 
lake St, John, with an area of 540 square miles ; those 
of Manicouagan, Piretibbe, and others N. of the St. 
Lawrence, and Mephramagog, &c., S. of that river. 
In Canada West, the chief known are Nipissing lake, 
Timiscaming and St. Ann's, in the high table-land; 
and the Simcoe lake in the upper terrace country of 
the Home district. 

Amongst the rivers falling into the St. Lawrence, 
or into the lakes which form part of its system, there 
are some deserving of especial mention here for their 
utility as regards navigation, or their agency in fertil- 
izing the soil. In the peninsula of Canada West, 
the Thames originates in the district of London, by 
the union of several streams, near latituHe 43'^ and 
longitude 81°, and after a course of about 1.50 miles 
chiefly S. W. falls into lake St. Clair, situated between 
those of Huron and Erie. The Thames is navigable 
for large vessels to Chatham, 15 miles up, and for 
boats nearly to its source. It intersects and waters a 
fine and fertile country. Besides Chatham, small 
towns, with the pompous names of London and Ox- 
ford, are situated upon its banks. Next in niagni- 
tude to the Thames is the Ouse. This river rises in 
the Home district, about latitude 44°, longitude 80° 
10', runs generally S. E., and falls into lake Erie near 
its N. E. extremity. Parallel to this river for about 
50 miles, runs the Welland or Chippewa river, which 
in one part of its course forms a portion of the canal 
between the Ouse and lake Ontario, by means of 
which the falls of Niagara are avoided. The Trent, 
in the district of Newcastle, connects the small lakes 



CANADA. 125 

Balsam, Sturgeon, and several others in the upper 
terrace country, with the Rice lake, and, after a tor- 
tuous course, discharges itself into the bay of Quinte, 
in lake Ontario. It is said to be navigable for boats 
in the whole of its course. The lake Balsam is sep- 
arated by only a short portage from that of Simcoe, 
which discharges its waters into Gloucester bay (Hu- 
ron lake) by the Severn river. A short and valuable 
line of direct water communication between the lakes 
Huron and Ontario is apparently impeded only by 
the intervention of this short portage, and by the ra. 
pids of the Severn, which river is, however, no more 
than 20 miles in length. If we except the St. John, 
the Ristigouche, which bounds the district of Gaspe 
S., and falls into Chalourbay, is the only river of any 
importance in Canada not belonging to the St, Law- 
rence basin. 

Climate. — The climate of Canada is subject io. 
great extremes of heat and cold ; the thermometer 
ranging between 102° above, and 36'^ below, the zero 
pfFahr. In such an extensive region there is, of 
^course, some difference in this respect; as we ascend 
Jhe St. Lawrence, not only a more S. parallel is 
reached, but the country is less wild and exposed 
than that near its entrance ; so that whilst Quebec 
pas been said to have the summer of Paris and the 
winter of St. Petersburg, the great plain of lake Erie 
has the climate of Philadelphia. Still the Canadian 
climate, as a whole, must be considered very severe : 
all the streams are locked up by ice, and the ground 
}s covered every where, to an average depth of 5 or 6 
feet, by snow, for 4 or 5 months of every year. Frosts 
usually commence in October, whilst the weather, by 
day, is still mild and serene. But with November 
begins a succession of snow-storms and tempests, 
from the N. and E., accompanied by a great increase 
of cold; and this sort of Vveather usually continues 
to the 2d or 3d week of December, when the atmoe. 
phere again becomes serene, but the cold still more 

11* 



\ 






126 CANADA. 

intense, so that the rivers become suddenly frozen 
over. Towards the latter part of April, or, in late 
seasons, the beginning of May, the ice begins to break 
up (often with loud reports like the discharge of can- 
non ;) a sudden increase of temperature stimulates 
vegetation, and makes its growth almost perceptible 
to the eye ; so that spring and summer can scarcely 
be recognised as distinct seasons. May and June 
are occasionally wet, to the hinderance of the farmer, 
whose seed-time this is (to be followed by harvest 
towards the end of August ;) but usually, the sum- 
mers are very fine. Thunder-storms are often of 
great violence, and the aurora borealis is frequent and 
vivid : of the prevailing winds, those from the S. W. 
are usually accompanied by clear and serene wea- 
ther ; those from the N. E. by continued rain in sum- 
mer, and snow in winter ; whilst a N. W. breeze is 
usually dry, with severe cold. Fogs (except in the 
district of Gaspe)are of unusual occurrence. It seems 
to be the general opinion of the inhabitants, that the 
winters are gradually becoming less severe : and this 
may be attributable to the clearance of the forests and 
the increased extent of cultivated surface ; for, whilst 
the state of climate (especially of humidity) influences 
vegetation, that, in turn, reacts on climate. Hum- 
boldt's reasoning and tables {Memoires d^Arceuil, 
torn, iii.) may be satisfactorily referred to for the con- 
ditions that have the greatest and most permanent 
influence on the Canadian climate. 

The length and severity of the Canadian winter is 
a heavy drawback on the country, and lays the far- 
mer under serious difficulty and privations not ex- 
perienced in countries where the climate is milder, 
as in the contiguous territories of Indiana and Illinois. 
For five or six months almost all agricultural opera- 
tions are suspended, so that time is not left in the 
rest of the year for the proper preparation of the ground 
for the crops and other necessary labors. It is clear 
tod, that horses, cattle, and other farm stock, must 



CANADA. 127 

require a proportionally large supply of fodder for 
their keep. In these respects, however, there is a 
material difference between the two provinces. In 
Canada West the severity and the length of the win- 
ter are considerably diminished. The soil too is gen- 
erally better; and the quality of the wheat improves 
as we draw nearer to the S. limit of the province. 

Most of the causes that contribute to make the cli. 
mate of the northern part of America more severe, 
and subject to greater extremes than that of Europe, 
in the same parallel, bear with especial force on the 
Canadian regions. The greater portion of these pro- 
vinces is covered by extensive forests ; the trees com- 
posing which (especially in the more northern and 
eastern .parts) do not, generally speaking, attain 
the same lofty size as those of the United States, nor 
flourish with the same exuberant vitality: the pine 
family, and various species of evergreens, are the 
most numerous and predominant. Amongst various 
other kinds of trees, are, the silver and American firs, 
Weymouth and Canadian pines, white cedar {Thuya 
occidenialis,) maple, birch, American ash, bass wood, 
hickory, two or three species of wild cherry, and nu- 
merous species of oak. Like the rest of the Ameri- 
can continent, most of the plants and animals differ 
specifically from those of the Old World. Many of 
the smaller kinds of annual and perennial plants are 
common to Canada and regions lying much further 
to the S., which may be accounted for by the high 
summer temperature, whilst the deep winter snows 
effectually protect their roots through the severest sea- 
sons ; but the trees arid larger shrubs, which find no 
such shelter, belong for the most part to more north- 
ern and arctic regions. Of the smaller plants, the 
Zizania aquatica may be noticed as peculiar to Can- 
ada, and abounding in most of the swamps (a grass 
not unlike rice, and affording food to birds, and oc- 
casionally to the Indian tribes,) and the ginseng, and 
Canadian lily, common to this country and Kamt. 



128 CANADA. 

chatska. From the sap of the maple {acer saccharL 
num,) as it rises in the earher part of spring, sugar 
is made in considerable quantities ; in collecting 
which, from trees scattered over thousands of acres, 
whilst the snow still covers the ground, much hard- 
ship is frequently endured : these districts are called 
sugaries, and a valuable description of property. The 
mode of procuring it is by inserting a small cane shoot 
through an incision made in the bark, the sap being 
received in a wooden trough placed under it ; it is after- 
wards boiled, and left to cool into a hard solid mas, of a 
dark brown color, which is moulded by the form of the 
jars which contain it; the value of the article is about 
half of that produced from the sugar-cane. Most of 
the oak growing in the woods is unfit for ship-build- 
ing, and the greater part of the timber used for that 
purpose is imported from New England. The spe- 
cies called the live oak, which grows in the warmer 
parts of the colony, is, however, said to be well adapt- 
ed for ship timber ; the various kinds of wood avail- 
able for no other purpose, serve to supply the pot and 
pearl-ash manufactories. Amongst the wild animals 
ranging through these unreclaimed regions, are th^ 
American elk, fallow deer, bear, wolf, fox, wild cat, 
racoon, martin, otter, and various species of Viverrd 
and Mustel(B; the beaver, hare, grey and red squir- 
rel ; and in the more southern parts, the buffalo and 
roebuck: the bears usually hibernate, if the seasori 
has enabled them to get sufficiently fat for the pur. 
pose ; if not, they migrate to a more southerly climated 
Amongst the birds, may be noticed the wild pigeon, 
quail, partridge, and different kinds of grouse ; of the 
water birds, the species are very numerous, as might 
be inferred from the general character of the region, 
where, in the basin of the St. Lawrence, and the nu- 
merous lakes occupying the elevated table-lands 
around it, half the fresh water on the surface of the 
globe is collected ; a humming bird (the smallest of 
its genus) is also indigenous, and may be seen in the 



'^ 



CAS ADA,. IQ9 

Quebec gardens, flitting round the flowers. Amongst 
the reptiles, the rattlesnake is occasionally met with. 
Fish, in great variety and abundance, are found in the 
lakes and rivers; in which respect few streams can 
rival the St. Lawrence ; the sturgeon is common, and 
the salmon and herring fisheries are considerable ; 
seals are also met with occasionally, in large shoals, 
in the lower parts of the river. Forests can only ex- 
ist where the prevailing winds bring with them suf- 
ficient moisture, but they may usually be taken as a 
measure of the fertility of the soil, no less than of the 
humidity of the climate : in this respect, therefore, 
taken generally, Canada must be considered a fertile 
region; the western province much more so than the 
eastern one. Tobacco, hemp, flax, and the diflferent 
kinds of grain and of pulse, are successfully cultivated; 
as are all the commoner fruits and veeretables of Eng- 
land : melons of different species abound, and are 
probably indigenous ; as are also tlie strawberry and 
raspberry : these last flourish luxuriantly in the woods; 
and on the plains behind Quebec are gathered in great 
quantities, and taken to that market. Pears and ap- 
ples succeed well, both there and at Montreal ; and 
on the shores of Lake Erie, the grape, peach, and 
nectarine, as well as all the hardier kinds of fruit, ar- 
rive at the greatest perfection. 

Canada does not appear to be rich in minerals, but 
iron abounds in some districts ; veins of silver-lead 
have been met with in St. Paul's Bay (50 miles be- 
low Quebec,) and coals, salt, and sulphur, are also 
known to exist in the colony. No volcanos have 
been discovered, but authentic accounts are preserved 
of several violent earthquakes: amongst others, one 
in 1663, when tremendous convulsions, lasting for 
six months, extending from Quebec to Tadeausac 
(130 miles below it,) which broke up the ice of the 
rivers, and caused many great land-slips and disloca. 
tions ; in 1791, earthquakes were also frequent and 
violent, in the same region ; and the shores, both of 



130 CANADA. 

the gulf and river St. Lawrence present many proofs 
of former convulsions in the horizontal banks of re- 
cent shingle and shells, and in elevated lime-stone 
strata, with wave-scooped marks, and lithodomous 
perforations, that occur on various parts of the shores. 
People. — The majority of the population in East 
Canada are of French origin, and are for the most 
part descendants of settlers from Normandy, estab- 
lished in the colony previously to 1759. Their num- 
ber at that period was about 70,000, and in 1831 they 
had increased (according to the census) to upwards 
of 400,000 ; the most rapid augmentation probably of 
any on record from births alone. Neither the con- 
quest, nor the long period which has since elapsed, 
has wrought any great change in their character and 
habits ; nor has their increasing numbers induced 
them to make any considerable encroachments on 
the wiiderriess around : on the contrary, they have 
continued within their original hmits, subdividing th.e 
land more and more, and submitting to a constantly 
decreasing ratio of comfort. They are frugal, honest, 
industrious, and hospitable, but cling with unreason- 
ing tenacity to their ancient prejudices and customs ; 
by temperament, cheerful, social, engaging, and (from 
the highest to the lowest) distinguished for courtesy 
and real politeness, they retain all the essential char- 
acteristics of the French provinces under the ancient 
regime, and present the spectacle of an old, uneducat- 
ed, stationary society, in a new and progressive world. 
A few seignorial families possess large, but not very 
valuable properties: the class wholly dependent on 
wages is a very small one ; and the great majority 
consists of a hard-working yeomanry (usually called 
hahitans,) amongst whom there is almost a universal 
equality of condition and property. From the public 
colleges and seminaries established in the cities and 
other central points by the early possessors of the 
country, chiefly by the Jesuits (where the education 
resembles that of our public grammar-schools, and if 



CANADA. 131 

entirely In the hands of the Catholic clerg}',) between 
200 and 300 annually finish their education, and 
are dispersed through the community: nearly the 
whole of these are of the class of kabitans, and re- 
turn to reside amongst them, mostly as notaries or sur- 
geons ; and thus, living on terms of complete social 
equality, though with greatly superior knowledge, in 
communities which possess nothing in ihe shape of 
municipal institutions, they possess almost despotic 
influence over popular opinion and conduct in all pub- 
lie matters. The hahitans under the old feudal te- 
nures have cleared two or three belts of land along 
the St. Lawrence, and cultivate them on the worst 
system of small farming; their farms and residences 
being all so connected, that the country of the seign- 
cries appears like a continuous village. They spin 
and weave their own wool and flax, and make their 
own soap, candles, and sugar. What energy and 
enterprise there exists in the community (beyond the 
portion required by this sort of routine) is exerted in 
the fur trade and in hunting. 

The Anglo-Saxon portion of the population of 
Canada East consists almost wholly of persons who 
have emigrated from the United Kingdom, or the de- 
scendants of such, subsequent to 1759. A consider- 
able addition was made to their numbers by U. S. loy- 
ahsts in 1787 ; at a subsequent period many families" 
from Vermont have settled in the townships adjoin, 
ing that state, and since the formation of the Ameri- 
can Land Company many have emigrated through 
their exertions. A majority of the laboring class in 
this portion of the population are Irish Catholics ; the 
rest are English or Scotch Protestants : besides this, 
they possess the best cultivated farms in the province, 
and are owners of fully half the more valuable seign-" 
ories. The inhabitants of the W. province consist 
principally of the descendants of U. S. loyalists, pre. 
viously to 1787, and of subsequent settlers, or their 
descendants, from the United Kingdom and the states; 



132 CAIVADA. 

an extensive emigration from the former, subsequent 
to 1828, nearly doubled the previous population of the 
province. Of the emigrants from the United King- 
dom, many were half-pay army or navy officers, and 
of the working classes a considerable proportion were 
Irish. The Catholic population of the western pro- 
vince is estimated at one fifth part of the whole : in 
the back part of the Niagara district some Dutch set- 
tlers are established ; and a few French famihes along 
the Detroit. The population at present is estimated 
at 500,000, scattered along an extensive frontier, with 
very imperfect means of inter-communication ; the 
more thickly settled districts being, of course, in the 
occupation of the older section of residents, who are 
for the most part owners also of the wild lands in 
those districts. The number of emigrants from the 
United Kingdom, which landed at the port of Quebec 
in the nine years ending 1838, amounted to 263,089: 
of these, 165,000 proceeded to the western province; 
but of the whole number, from 50 to 60 per cent., re. 
emigrated, after a short residence, to the U. States. 
The greatest number which emigrated in any one 
year was in 1832, when 51,746 arrived at Quebec; 
the smallest number was in 1838, when 4,992 only 
reached that port. Within the period spoken of there 
were also 50,000 estimated to have reached the pro- 
vinces by way of New York and the Erie canal; a 
like proportion of whom also re-emigrated. 

There can be no doubt that the valley of the Mis. 
sissippi offers incomparably greater advantages to in- 
dustrious immigrants, whether with or without capital, 
than can be enjoyed in any part of Canada. It has 
a better climate, a better and cheaper soil, and is free 
from the greater number of those social greivances 
that disturb and embitter society in Canada. The 
wonder, in fact, is, not that so many of the emigrants 
to Canada have left it for the United States, but that 
any considerable portion of them should have remain, 
ed behind. 



CANADA. 133 

The native Indian tribes still occupy portions of 
this colony on lakes Superior and Huron, and along 
the whole extent towards the north boundaries ; but 
their numbers are rapidly diminishing, and they are 
fast degenerating from their original spirit and char- 
acter, so that the utter extinction of the race seems 
inevitable, as civilization advances on the wilderness, 
to which, only, they appear to be adapted. Various 
attempts have been made, from 1776, downward, to 
settle and instruct them in agriculture and the arts, 
but with very httle success. There are five of these 
settlements in the eastern province ; the number of In- 
dians at which is estimated at 3,437, the most numer- 
ous being the Iroquois and Algonquins. Those of the 
Six Nations (who were the firm alhes of the British 
in the first American war) are estimated at 2,149; 
the Mohawks of the Bay of Quinte 337 ; the other 
tribes at 6,428 ; they occupy tracts along the rivers 
St. Clair, Aux Sables, Detroit, Thames, Ouse, and 
Credit ; lakes Simcoe, Rice, Mud, and Balsam, and 
Point Peter; the great Manitouwunning (containing 
about 1,000,000 acres) is also appropriated to In- 
dians who choose to setde. The lands are held un- 
der the crown in joint tenancy to them and their 
posterity, and are not allowed to be leased or sold 
without its consent. Besides the above, there are 
other tribes round the shores of lake Michigan, and 
the south side of lake Superior (about 2,000 in all,) 
who consider themselvcr- as owing allegiance to the 
British crown, and attend to receive presents an. 
nually : there are also mariy tribes on the north sides 
of lakes Huron and Superior, who consider that vast 
tract their own, and occupy it as hunting-grounds. 
Large sums have been expended by religious societies 
in futile efforts to improve them; and the Indian de- 
partment of government has occasionally cost 150,000Z 
in a single year : the object of the last, however, has 
rather been to make the services of the Indians avail- 
able in war, than with a view to their permanent im- 

13 



134 CANADA. 

provement; the Hudson's Bay and Canada compa- 
nies have, also, not scrupled to employ them in the 
same way ; and it is stated, that without a change of 
system in both respects the fate of the Indians is 
sealed. But the truth is, that, however it may be 
changed, their fate is sealed. 

Distribution and Tenure of Lands in the Eastern 
Province, Government, ^c. — About l-38th part of 
the area of the province is estimated to be under some 
sort of cultivation. The extent of land surveyed in 
•each district, down to 10th July, 1838, was — in the 
Montreal district, 2,286,750 acres; Three Rivers, 
2,098,908 do.; Quebec, 1,383,666 do.; Gaspe 
400,639 do.; making a total of 6,169,953 statute 
acres. This is divided in townships averaging about 
70,000 square acres, and is exclusive of an allowance 
of 5 per cent, for highways, and of a block, of land, 
set off for the British American Land Company, in the 
county Sherbrook, district of Three Rivers, contain- 
ing 585,089 acres. The land comprised in the seign- 
orial districts amounts to about 8,300,000 acres; of 
this last, the whole has been granted by the crown, 
subject to an obligation to concede to actual settlers, 
and 4,300,000 acres have been thus conceded. Of 
the township land 3,500,000 acres have been disposed 
of " for other than pubhc purposes." The grants 
made by the French government previously to the 
conquest, were on one uniform system. Seignories (or 
manors containing from 9 to 36 square leagues) were 
created in favor of certain leading individuals, who 
were bound to grant or ^'■concede''' a specified portion 
to any applicant; the profit, to the seignor, being de- 
rived from payment of a small rent, from services 
which the censitaire (or tenant) was bound to per- 
form ; from l-12th of the corn ground (by compul- 
sion) at the seignorial mill ; and from a fine on the 
transference of the property (other than by inherit- 
ance.) 



CANADA. 135 

Since the province came under the British govern- 
ment, the plans under which land has been granted 
and sold, have differed very widely at different pe- 
riods ; but have very rarely, indeed, been.es'ablished 
on sound principles. The township lands have been 
granted in many, modes, differing both in their char- 
acter and object : at first, they were granted to settlers 
in free and common soccage, with a reservation to 
resume all, or any part, if required for military pur- 
poses, but subject to no other conditions : the quantity 
so granted to each individual, being limited to 100 
acres for himself, and 50 acres additional for each 
member of his family ; the governor having authority 
to increase this amount, by 1,000 acres. These 
favorable terms were meant to attract setders from 
the colonies, which now form the United States. In 
1775 this arrangement was superseded, and the 
Quebec Act of the preceding year having restored the 
French code and language, corresponding instructions 
were given, that future grants should again be made 
in fief and seignory, and three seignories were thus 
created. In 1791 the regulations of 17G3 were revived, 
though with certain conditions annexed to them, 
which in practice were avoided ; and this mode con- 
tinued till 1826; but the constitutional act of 1791 
also enacted that a reserve for the support of the Pro. 
testant clergy should be made, in respect of every 
grant, equal in value, as near as could be estimated, 
to l-7th part of the land granted. The crown reserves 
to a like extent, originated in the view of supplying, 
first by sales and ultimately by rents, an independent 
source of revenue, and obviating the necessity of 
taxes, and consequently of such disputes as had led 
to the Independence of the United States. These 
reserves, however, have proved most serious obstacles 
to the welfare of the colony, which the mis-construc- 
tion or violation of the acthas aggravated, by increas- 
ing their extent beyond what appears to have been 
contemplated. From 1806, downward, no new town. 



136 CANADA. 

ships were granted ; and the grants, on to 1814, were 
in lots of 200 acres, to actual settlers, and few in 
number. From the last date, grants were made on 
"location tickets," requiring the erection of a house, 
and the clearing and cultivating 4 acres, before the 
title was perfected. In 1826 the new mode of selling 
land by auction, at a mini'mum upset price, was 
adopted, the purchase money being payable by four 
annual instalments, without interest. In 1831, the 
purchase-money was to be repaid by half-yearly in- 
stalnients ; and in 1837, the purchase-money wag 
made payable at the time of sale : but in practice this 
has not been effected. Besides the grants made under 
these different regulations, other exceptional ones 
have been made — mostly in reward of public services; 
such as those to the militia of the revolutionary war, 
and of that of 1812 — many vahd claims in these re- 
spects still remaining to be settled : there has also 
been an exceptional sale of nearly 800,000 acres to 
the British North American Land Company. The 
crown reserves must be considered as virtually aban- 
doned when the auction sales were introduced ; and 
an act of the imperial legislature has authorized the 
sale of l-4ih part of the clergy reserves, at a rate not 
exceeding 100,000 acres annually. In these various 
ways, about 3,500,000 acres have been disposed of. 
The ainount received on the sales of crown land in 
the lower province, from 1828 to 1837 inclusive, was 
£33,853 ; on clergy reservers, £50.425 ; timber du- 
ties, £58,085. In the upper province for the same 
period, crown lands, £33,853 ; clergy reserves, 
£114,618; timber duties, £58,085. The timber is 
chiefly red and white pine and oak. 

Each district has its own judges, whose jurisdiction 
(except Gaspe) is independent of the others, and only 
subject to the court of appeal. A sheriff is also ap- 
pointed for each district, and grand voyer, or general 
inspector of the roads. These appear to be the only 
characteristics; but as respects judicial affairs, Gaspd 



CANADA. 137 

13 dependent on Quebec ; and the roads of St Francis 
are surveyed by the grand vo3'ers of Montreal and 
Three Rivers. The subdivisions of these districts 
are counties, townships, parishes, and extra-parochial 
places ; that of Montreal has 19, Quebec 13, Three 
Rivers 5, St. Francis 3, and Gaspe 2 counties, re- 
spectively. The parishes and townships are merely 
divisions for suclf local purposes as the repairs of 
roads, inspection offences, water-courses. Sec ; each 
is subdivided into sections (not exceeding ten ;) the 
parishes vary much in extent, and those which are 
Cathohc, also serve for limits, in the ecclesiastical 
jurisdiction of that church : the townships usually en- 
close a square of 10 miles. There are in all 175 
seignories, 33 fiefs, and 160 townships. The cities 
of Quebec and Montreal were incorporated under 
temporary acts, which have been allowed to expire 
without renewal : these were the only municipal cor- 
porations in the province. In the Catholic parishes, 
churchwardens are appointed, and in some locahties, 
"a council of notables," to manage the secular affairs 
of the church, and what are called the funds of " the 
fabrique," under old French ordinances, so doubtful 
and contradictory, as to cause frequent litigation. 
The income of their clergy is derived from the 26th 
bushel of all grain grown by the parishioners ; this, 
however, is contingent on the proprietor being a Ca- 
tholic. When an estate passes into Protestant hands, 
this right is lost ; and hence the natural aversion of 
the priests to any Protestant settlements being made 
within their seignories ; nor is there any provision 
for the Cathohc clergy, in the event of any part of the 
French population settling beyond the seignories, 
which, no doubt, has had some effect in confining it 
within their hmits. There are 44 clergymen, and 
53 churchs and chapels, finished and in progress. 
There is also a Catholic bishop of Quebec, paid by 
the government out of certain public revenues, and 
under him a body of secular clergy, for the seignories 

12* 



139 CANADA. 

and some .female monastic establishments. The Pro- 
testant dissenters have places of worship, and minis- 
ters in various parts of the province. 

For the relief of mariners, a duty of a penny a ton 
is levied on every vessel arriving from any port out of 
the hmits of the province : the portion received at 
Quebec goes to support the marine hospital there, 
which vi'as built by a pubhc grant'?; that received at 
Montreal goes to the general hospital of that city : 
various acts have also passed to establish depots for 
tJie relief of shipwrecked mariners. There are four 
such at Anticosti, one near Cape Chat, and another 
at Magdalene river. 

The governor and principal officers of the govern- 
ment are appointed by the crown, and hold their ap- 
pointments during pleasure. The chief of these are, the 
assistant civil secretary, provincial secretary and reg- 
istrar, receiver-general, inspector-general of accounts, 
&,c. ; there are also 6 collectors of customs, 3 judges 
at Quebec, and 3 at Montreal ; with numerous other 
functionaries. There is also an unpaid magistracy, 
appointed by the crown, who are required to possess 
immovable property, beyond all liabihties, of at least 
■£300 currency ; and commissioners who sit in the 
small cause courts, which are held weekly in the 
cities, and on the first and third Saturday of each 
month in the rural districts, with power of adjourn- 
ment. As regards the superior courts of justice, the 
judges pesiding in each district have supreme juris- 
diction. Trial by jury was introduced, with the rest 
of the criminal and civil law of England, in 1763; 
the juries were, at first, exclusively taken from the 
cities, and subsequently (by a government order) were 
selected by the sheriffs, from these, and from the ad- 
jacent country, for 15 leagues around. 

The external trade of Canada is carried on through 
the medium of the ports of Quebec, Montreal, St. 
John's, Coteau du Lac, and Stanfield. From the U. 
Kingdom, Canada imports coals, metals, cordage, 



CANADA. 1S9 

East India produce, and various kinds of British man- 
ufactures ; from the British West India colonies, 
sugar, molasses, rum, coffee, and hard-woods ; from 
the United States, beef, pork, biscuit, rice, and to- 
bacco. Owing to the unjust and oppressive prefer- 
ence given to Canadian timber in the markets of 
Great Britain, it forms by far the principal article of 
export from the colony. The next article is corn, 
especially wheat, which, however, is supposed to be 
mainly derived from the United States ; and then 
follow ashes, furs, fish, &.c. In 1834 the total value 
of the exports from Canada amounted to £1,018,922. 
The imports cheifiy consist of cottons, woolens, silks, 
linens, glass, hardware, coal, &.c. Their total value 
in 1834 was Xl,063,645. The total revenue derived 
from taxes in 1836 amounted to £102,027. 

Canada was ceded by France to England in 
1763: it had previously been governed by French 
military authority ; from thence, to 1774, it was 
under the rule of an English governor and council, 
M'ith English law, administered in the English 
language only. From 1774 to 1791 it was gov- 
erned by An Enghsh governor and a legislative 
council, appointed by the crown, with English crim- 
inal, and French civil law ; and from 1791 downward, 
by the constitution sanctioned by the British Parlia- 
ment. The Quebec Act of 1774 introduced a new 
and liberal policy. In order to concihate the colonists, 
it substituted the old system of civil law, or that called 
the Coutume de Paris, for the civil law of England, 
and it directed the use of the French language to be 
resumed in the law courts. Notwithstanding these 
concessions, the French in Canada are now almost 
as much a distinct people as in 1760. The Nation 
Canadienne has no sympathy, and but Httle commu- 
nication with Englishmen : on the contrary, a broad 
line of demarcation and a deep-rooted antipathy sub* 
sists between them. To this hostile feeling on the 
part of the French colonists, may be fairly ascribed the 



140 CANADA. 

outbreak that took place in Canada, and the subse- 
quent suppression of the constitution, and the occupa- 
tion of the country by British troops. 

Distribution of Ground. — The surveyed portion 
of West^ Canada comprises 17,653,544 acres, in 
11 districts, and between 300 and 400 townships. 
Wheat and tobacco are the chief exports. Of the 
surveyed lands 450,000 acres are reserved for roads; 
2,395,687 acres are clergy reserves ; 13, 660,838 have 
been granted and appropriated, and there remain for 
future grants, 1,147,019 acres. About l-48th part 
of the area is considered to be under cultivation. The 
modes of granting have been the same as those in 
the lower province. The crown and clergy reserves 
have also been made on the same principle as those 
of Canada East ; in two cases the government has 
delegated the disposal of its waste lands to others ; 
the district of Talbot (48,500 acres) to Col. Talbot ; 
and the crown reserves (1,384,413 acres) and a block 
of land in the Huron district, (1,100,000 acres) to the 
** Canada Company ;" about l-30th part of the grant 
ed land is under cultivation. 

A small tax, not exceeding \d. in the pound, is 
levied both on cultivated and waste lands ; the for- 
mer being valued at 205. iKe acre, the latter at 4s. 
The whole amount of taxation of a farm of 100 acres, 
in the western province, is about l8s. This tax be- 
gan to be levied by the provincial government in 1820. 
If 8 years are in arrear, the sheriff is authorised to 
sell; but this has been done only in a few instances, 
when the owners allowed it as the cheapest and easi- 
est way of making a title to the rest of their land. 
The number of churches built, or in progress, con- 
nected with the Church of England, is about 90; the 
number of clergymen 73; the number of followers are 
estimated at 150,000, by the Bishop of Montreal, 
within whose diocese the province is included, and 
under him are the archdeacons of York and Kings- 
ton. The Presbyterians of the Scotch church, the 



CANADA. 141 

Catholics, and the Wesleyans, are the other chief 
sects: the latter are said to out-number any of the 
rest. The ministers of the Church of Scotland are 
supported partly by stipends from the government, 
partly by their respective congregations; the Catho- 
lics have a bishop, who resides at Toronto, and who 
also receives an annual grant from the government 
to aid in the maintenance of himself and priesthood ; 
the ministers of the other sects are wholly supported 
by their congregations. By the Constitutional Act 
of 1791, reserves of land were set apart in this, as in 
the eastern province, for the maintenance of the 
"Protestant clergy". 

History. — Canada is ?aid to have been first dis. 
covered by Sebastian Cabot, in 1437 ; if so, it was 
comprised with the rest of the extensive line of coast 
he explored, under the general name of Newfound, 
land, subsequently hmited to the island so called. 
The French first attempted to make those discoveries 
available, and are said to have framed a map of the 
gulf so early as 1508. In 1525 the country was 
taken possession of in the name of the king of France, 
and in 1535 Cartier explored the river, naming it St. 
Lawrence, from having entered it on that. saint's day. 
Quebec, however, the first settlement, was not found- 
ed till 1608. For a considerable period subsequent to 
this the colonists appear to have been engaged in a 
series of sanguinary conflicts with the native Indian 
tribes, and to have been often on the brink of being 
extripated : the strife, however, ultimately terminated 
in a friendly compact, which converted the Indians 
into available auxiliaries against the English. Que- 
bec was taken by the British forces under General 
Wolf, in 1759, and the whole territory formally ceded 
by the Treaty of Paris, in 1763. The seignorial 
rights, the various holdings and tenures under them, 
and the endowments of the Catholic church, were 
left undisturbed : and all the estates, including all 
the unappropriated lands in the province, held at thi^ 



142 CANADA. 

period by the French king, became vested in the 
British crown. In the years 1812-13-14, the lakes, 
and especially the shores of Niagara, were the scene 
of a succession of severe contests ; and the militia 
on either side being engaged in them, near relatives 
were found often contending in opposite ranks, so 
that common was aggravated to civil warfare ; and In. 
dians also were employed, and increased its horrors. 
The grievances and complaints of Canada first 
obtained the attention of parHament in 1828, when a 
select committee of the H. of C. reported on them. 
The legislative assembly's claims were, — the right of 
appropriating all the crown revenues as they pleased, 
and also all those accruing from parliamentary and 
provincial statutes, and the settlement and alienation 
of all the wild lands of the province ; but the most im. 
portant point, without which the rest would be con. 
ceded in vain, according to their statement, was, that 
the legislative council should be elected by the people, 
and thus assimilated to the senate of the United States. 
Another H. of Commons report led to the nomination of 
Lord Gosford (who was also appointed governor) and 
two other commissioners, and five reports and ap- 
pendixes, pubhshed in 1837, are the only result of 
their labors. In the divisions which took place in 
the House of Assembly, the British party divided from 
8 to 11 in house of 88 members. The grievances of the 
western province were set forth in the report of a 
committee of their House of Assembly, v/ho adopted 
it, and laid it before the king. The extent and abase of 
the crown patronage ; the virtual irresponsibility of 
the executive ; the mode of conducting the business 
of the provincial post-office; the management of the 
Toronto College ; the provision made for the ecclesi- 
astical establishment, and for the maintenance of 
certain sects only (the House say they " recognise no 
particular denomination as established in Canada 
■with exclusive claims, powers, or privileges";) the 
partiality shown in the choice of magistrates ; the 



MONTREAL. 143 

absence of control over the crown revenues ; and the 
failure on the part of the local, to carry into effect the 
recommendations of the general, government, are the 
most prominent of the grievances set forth. Subse- 
quent to this, Sir F. Head replaced Sir J. Colborne 
as governor, in 1836 ; and during his government the 
outl)reak under Mackenzie and others took place; 
which ultimately led to* the suppression of the con-i 
stitution, and the union of the two provinces under 
one government. 



MONTREAL. 
A tov/n and river port of British America, and the 
second city and chief seat of the commerce of East 
Canada ; on the S. side of the island of Montreal, in 
the St. Lawrence, 150 miles in a direct line S. W. of 
Quebec ; lat. 45° 30' W., long. 73° 25' N. Popula- 
tion, with its suburbs, in 1840, 27,297. Its site is 
not so com»ianding as that of Quebec, but it is in 
every '^cfter respect superior to that city. It is not so 
crowded ; and some even of its oldest streets are of 
colerable breadth. Montreal is divided into the Up- 
per and the Lower Town ; the difference in their 
elevation is but slight, but the former being the more 
modern is the handsomer division. It has several 
suburbs, including which it stretches along the river 
for 2 miles from N. to S., and has for some distance 
a nearly equal breadth inland. The battlemented 
wall with which it was formerly surrounded, has long 
fallen into decay, and it is no^v entirely open, the 
wooded heights around being covered with villas and 
pleasure grounds. In the Lower Town, Paul street, 
the chief commercial thoroughfare, extends parallel 
with the river the whole length of the city ; and in the 
Upper Town several streets proceed in the same di- 
rection, communicating with Paul street by cross 
streets. In the Upper town and suburbs, which are 
mostly inhabited by the principal merchants, many of 



144 MONTREAI;. 

the houses are handsomely and solidly built in the 
modern style ; but in the Lower town they are prin- 
cipally of a gloomy looking grey stone, with dark iron 
window-shutters and tinned roofs. Along the bank 
of the river is an extensive line of quays and ware- 
houses. Many of the houses in the suburbs are built 
of wood, but there are no wooden buildings within the 
space once encompassed by the walls ; and this city 
and Quebec have more of the aspect of old European 
towns than any other towns in America. 

The most remarkable pubhc edifice is the Roman 
Catholic cathedral, opened in 1829, and superior to 
any other church in British America. It is of Gothic 
architecture, 255i feet in length by 134^ in breadth. 
It is faced with stone, and roofed with tin, and has 6 
towers, of which the three belonging to the main front 
are 220 feet in height. On the roof is a promenade, 
76 feet in length by 20 in breadth, elevated 120 feet. 
The principal window is 64 feet m height, and 32 in 
breadth. The interior is capable of accommodating 
from 10,000 to 12,000 persons, who may cll»perse by 
numerous outlets in 5 or 6 minutes. It comprises 7 
chapels, and 9 spacious aisles. There are several 
other Roman Catholic churches, mostly belonging to 
the order of St. Sulpice ; to the members of which 
Montreal chiefly owed its foundation, and who still 
hold the seignory of the island upon which it stands. 
The seminary of St. Sulpice, a large and commo- 
dious building adjoining the cathedral, occupies three 
sides of an oblong area, 13'3 feet in length by 29 deep, 
and is surrounded by sp cious gardens. A hand- 
some additional building, 210 feet by 45 feet, has 
been lately erected, at an expense of ^£10,000. In 
these establishments, students in most of the higher 
branches of learning are taught at very moderate 
charges. The principal English church is a hand- 
some building, in the Grecian style, surmounted by a 
high and beautiful spire. It has also a Scotch kirk, 
an American Protestant church, and chapels belong- 



MONTREAL. 145 

ing to the Methodists and Scotch dissenters. The 
Montreal General Hospital, erected in 18:21-2 by vol- 
untary subscription, a large and well-built edifice, is 
said to be one of the best regulated institutions of 
the kind in America. A large conventual structure, 
the Hotel Dieii, occupied by a superior, matron and 
thirty-six nuns, is appropriated to the reception of the 
sick and indigent ; and the convent of the Grey 
Sisters partly serves as an asylum for the aged and 
infirm, the insane, foundlings, &c. 

The SoBurs Noires, have an extensive convent, 
founded in 1650;' its inmates consist of a superior 
and 60 nuns, whose duties are directed to the edu- 
cation of young girls. The court-house and prison 
are substantial buildings, occupying the site of the 
former college of the Jesuits. The government house, 
bank, barracks, ordnance office, and 4market.houses 
are among the remaining principal buildings. In one 
of the squares is a colossal statue of Nelson, placed 
on a Doric column, the pedestal of which has bas- 
reliefs representing his principal actions. Besides 
the educational establishments noticed above, Mon- 
treal has a college, with a principal and 4 professors, a 
royal grammar school, parochial, union, national, Sun- 
day, and other public schools ; and many good private 
French and English seminaries. The university of 
iM'Gill college, endowed by a citizen of Montreal, in 
1814, with a valuable estate, and c€10,000 in money, 
was chartered in 1821, and is conducted on a hberal 
and enlarged scale. Montreal has a penitentiary, a 
house of industry, a savings bank, a natural history so. 
ciety, a mechanics' institution, a central auxiliary soci- 
ety for promoting education and industry, bible and 
tract, agricultural and horticuUural societies, several 
public libraries, an excellent news-room, &c. Several 
newspapers and other periodical publications issue 
from the presses of the town. The position of Montreal 
at the head of the ship navigation of the St. Lawrence, 
and near the confluence of that river with the Ottawa, 

13 



I4ff MO^'TRfcAL. 

as well as its situation with respect to the United States, 
necessarily make it one of the greatest emporiums of 
America. 

The harbor, though not large, is secure, and vessels 
drawing 15 feet water may lie close to the shore. Itst 
general depth of water is from 3 to 4^ fathoms. Ita 
chief disadvantage consists in the rapid of St. Mary's 
about 1 mile below, which vessels often find it diffi- 
cult to stem. To obviate the obstructions in the nav- 
igation above Montreal, the La Chine canal, 9 miles 
long, 20 feet wide, and 5 feet in depth, was undertaken 
in 1821, and coanpleted at an expense of i^l30,000. 
The communication with the opposite sides of the 
river is carried on by several steam and other vessels ; 
and during the summer, a regular steamboat commu- 
nication is kept up with Quebec. At this season, 
vast rafts of timber come down, and pass the city for 
Quebec ; and scows, bateaux of about 6 tons, and, 
Durham boats, bring to Montreal the produce of the 
Upper Country. Neither is the trade of Montreal sus- 
pended in winter, like that of Quebec. Thousands 
of sledges may then be seen coming in from all di- 
rections with agricultural produce, frozen carcasses 
of beef and pork, firewood and other articles. Mon- 
treal is the centre of the commerce between Canada, 
and the United States, carried on by Lake Champlain 
and the Hudson ; and not only is it the dep6t of all 
the adjacent country, but most of the business done 
in Quebec is carried on by branches from the Mon- 
treal houses. In 1838, 98 ships, of the aggregate 
burden of 22,289 tons, entered, and 99 ships, burden 
21,901 tons, left the port. Formerly this city was the 
head quarters of the fur trade, but its interest in it 
has greatly declined. It has, however, cast-iron foun- 
dries, distilleries, breweries, soap, candle and tobacco 
manufactories, several ship building establishments, 
and machinery for steam-engines. Various articles 
of hardware, linseed oil, floor-cloth, &c., are made in 
the town. The markets are abundantly supplied with 



MONTKEAL. 149' 

good butchers' meat, fish, poultry, fruit, vegetables, 
&c. About three-fourths of the population are of 
French descent; the remainder, consisting principal- 
ly of emigrants from the United Kingdom, Americans, 
and Iroquois Indians. Montreal, originally called 
Villemarie, was talien from the French, in 176©. 

The environs of Montreal also present many objects 
worthy a stranger's attention: as the " Mountain," La 
Chine Canal, and the Rapids, which it is designed to 
overcome: those of the Cedres, &c. ; indeed the 
entire island is replete witli interesting objects, an in- 
spection of which will amply repay the time devoted 
to it ; and, more remote, are the celebrated Caledo- 
nia Springs, which, though known and resorted to 
by the Indians of the neighborhood for many years 
past, have but lately received that attention from the 
public which their medicinal and healing qualities de- 
mand. They are situated about 70 miles nearly due 
west from Montreal, at the head of a small affluent of 
the Ottawa, in Caledonia township, where a town has 
been laid off, and buildings erected for the accom- 
modation of visiters. The chief of these springs are 
designated as the "white sulphur,''^ *^ saline" and 
^^gas" springs, respectively. The latter emits an in- 
flammable gas, probably carburetted hydrogen, which 
answers the purpose of lighting some of the buildings. 
The route commonly taken from Montreal to the 
springs, is by the villages of St. Eustache, Point For- 
tune, Hawkesbury, L'Original, &,c. A water route, 
which increases the distance somewhat, is afforded 
by the Ottawa, which conducts to L'Original, whence 
passengers are conveyed in stages, a distance of 8 
miles, to the springs. 



JRoute from Montreal to Quebec, hy steamboat. 

On leaving Montreal, the first village that presents 
itself is Boucherville, nearly opposite the lower suburb 
©f Montreal ; which, like most of the Tillages that lixu^ 



148 ROUTE PROM 

the shores of the St. Lawrence, presents a remark, 
ably neat appearance. Indeed the entire bank is 
occupied by a continued succession of villages, with 
their churciies and tiii covered houses, or cottages, 
which add hfe and animation to the natural scenery, 
which is beautiful to a high degree. The rapids of 
St. Mary's, about 2 miles below the city, serve to in- 
crease the speed of the steamer, which soon reaches 
Varennes. — A beautiful village, nearly opposite 
the north point of Montreal island. Ten miles farther 
on is St. Sulpice, then Valtrie, both on the left. 
After proceeding some 5 or 6 miles, the pretiy little 
town of Noraye comes in view ; it is on the left bank 
of the St. Lawrence, which is here broken by several 
small islands, nearly opposite to which is William 
Henry, a small fortress situated at the confluence of 
the Richlieu, the outlet of lake Champlain, with the 
St. Lawrence. Immediately on leaving AVilliam 
Henry, Lake St Peter is entered through a perfect 
labyrinth of islands. It is an expansion orthe St. 
Lawrence, about 10 miles in width, and 20 in length. 
The rivers St. Francis and Yaynasca enter it from 
the south-east. At the mouth of the latter is the neat 
village of Yamasca; then follow those of Baie, St. 
Isabelle, and Gregoire, all on the right bank of the 
lake; which, at the latter village, contracts to the width 
of one mile. Point du Lac, another pretty village, is 
situated at the point where the St. Lawrence emerges 
from the lake, and from which is seen the ancient 
town of Three Rivers, the half-way station between 
Montreal and Quebec. This tov/n, which is third in 
point of j:ize in Canada, is situated on the nortli bank 
of the St. Lawrence, where it is joined by the St. 
Maurice. It derives its name from two small islands 
at the mouth of the St. Plaurice, which divides it into 
three channels ; but the town is on the west bank of 
that river. The situation is pleasant, though the town 
itself, which is one of the oldest in Canada, is less 
attractive. It contains about 450 dvvelling houses. 



IIONTREAI. TO qDEBEC. li^ 

mostly buJh of wood ; a handsome court-Loaee, a jaiU 
a Caiholic and a Protestant church, an Ursulino 
convent, founded in 1677, and some other public edi- 
fices. Here the courts of justice for the district are 
held ; and here, atone period, a great share of the fur 
trade centered ; but its general trade i as been mostly 
absorbed by Quebec and Montreal. Three Rivers 
was once the capital of Canada. It. population is 
ahout 4,000, mostly descendants of French, and the 
names of its streets are nearly all derived from those 
of Paris. It is 96 miles from Montreal, and 84 from 
Quebec. Ten miles below Three Rivers, on the left, 
is the village of Champlain, and 4 miles beyond is 
that of Batiscon. St. Pierre next presents itself on 
the right, and then St. Anne on the left ; these are 
succeeded by Grondines on the left, Lotbiniere on the 
right, and Dechamhault on the north bank; all re- 
markably neat little hamlets, united together by & 
string of white cottages, equally neat in their appear- 
ance. About 7 miles below the latter, situated on the 
south bank of the river is St. Croix, and immediately 
opposite, is the village of Cape Sante; thence to St. 
Augustine on the left and St. Nicolas on the right is 
about 18 miles. The new town of Liverpool is next 
reached, from which Quebec is in full view. The fact 
of the near approach to a large city, is made abun- 
dantly evident by the improved appearance of the 
coltagps and seats which line both banks of the river, 
increasing in number as the city is approached. 



QUEBEC* 

The city of Quebec is situated on the left or north- 
west bank of the St. Lawrence, at the point where 
it is intersected by the St. Charles, about 350 miles 
from the mouth of the former. By a late census it 
was found to contain 27,562 inhabitants, but its po. 
pulation may be estimated at 30,000. The city oc- 

13* 



150 QUEBEC. 

cupies the extremity of a ridge, terminating in the 
angle formed by the junction of the two rivers, in the 
point called Cape Diamond, rising to the height of 
nearly 340 feet above the St. Lawrence. The cape 
is surmounted by the citadel; and the town extends 
from it, principally in a N. E. direction, down to ihe 
water's edge. It is divided, from the difference of 
elevation, into the Upper and Lower towns. The 
old town, which hes wholly without the walls, partly 
at the foot of Cape Diamond and round to the St. 
Charles, has narrow and dirty, and, in parts, steep 
streets. The ascent from the Lower to the Upper 
town, which crosses the line of the fortifications, is by 
a winding street, and by flights of steps. The streets 
in the latter, though rather narrow, are generally 
clean, and tolerably well paved, or macadamised. 
Both towns are wholly built of stone; and the public 
buildings, and most of the houses in the Upper town, 
are roofed with tin plates, the glitter of which, in the 
sun, has a brilliant and striking effec?^, but is destruc- 
tive of every thing that Europeans have been accus- 
tomed to call grand and venerable. In the Lower 
town the houses are mostly covered with shingles. 



PUBLIC BUILDINGS, &C. 

Quebec Exchange, situated at the east end of 
St. Paul street, is a fine stone structure, having a read- 
ing room 50 by 30 feet in the second, and a public 
hbrary in the third stories. The Quebec Board of 
Trade have apartments on the same fioor with the 
library. Several capacious warehouses have lately 
been erected. 

Trinity House, near the Exchange, is occupied 
by an incorporated body, who is charged with the 
supervision and regulation of the pilots who navigate 
the river. 



QUEBEC. 151 

Custom House, is a neat stone edifice, well adapt- 
ed to the purposes to which it is devoted. Adjoining 
the Custom House is the 

King^s Wharf, used as a place of landing and em- 
barkation of the troops, &c. The immense ware- 
house of the commissary stands near the wharf. 

Hotel Dieu, one of the most extensive buildings 
in Canada, is situated between Hope and Palace 
gates. It is 390 feet in length, 51 in width, and 3 
stories high, with a wing on the N. W. side 2 stories 
high and 150 feet long. There are several fine pic- 
tures here, chiefly by French artists. The Hotel Dieu 
is a most valuable hospital. The nuns here not only 
act as nurses to the sick who are admitted into the 
establishment, but also as teachers of young females. 

Ursuline Convent, is an appropriate structure, 114 
by 40 feet, and two stories high, with extensive or- 
namented grounds, inclosed within a stone wall : the 
chapel, which is adorned by several valuable pictures, 
is 95 by 45 feet, of plain exterior, but some of its in- 
terior decorations are splendid. The remains of Mont- 
calm, who was killed at the attack of Quebec, in 1759, 
by General Wolfe, were interred near the chapel. 

Quebec Seminary, on Market square, is a three 
story building, 210 feet in length and 42 feet in depth, 
with rear projections 168 feet long. The hall, or 
chapel, is decorated by Ionic columns. The bishop 
of the diocese and his assistants reside here. The 
library consists of nearly 10,000 volumes, and the cab- 
inet embraces a fine series of mineralogical speci- 
mens, fossils, &c., to which a choice collection of 
paintings has been added. 

Castle of St Louis, the government palace of former 
times : of this once immense structure, nothing is now 
to be seen but its blackened and naked walls. It was 
destroyed by fire in 1S34 

Govermnent offices, occupy an extensive building 
on Front street, in which also is the museum of the 
Canadian Society of Arts. 



152 QUEBEC. 

Monument to Wolfe and Montcalm, on Dea Cnr- 
rieres street. Jesuit's Barracks, a quadrangular builds 
ing of stone, formerly occupied by the Jesuits as a 
college, is situated on the Market place, opposite the 
French cathedral. 

Parliament House, is a fine three story structure 
of wrought stone, consisting of a main building, with 
two wings. Its massive /ront is embellished by four 
Ionic colums, with a pediment. The Colonial As- 
sembly met here until 1841, when the constitution of 
the province was abrogated. 

Court House, a plain building of gray-stone, 13G 
by 46 feet, is situated at the corner of St. Louis street 
and the Place d'Armes. The building, which is sur- 
rounded by an iron railing, is occupied by the vari- 
ous courts, officers of the police, sheriff, &c. 

Masonic Hall, opposite the post-office. 

Marine Hospital, a beautiful Ionic structure, fouf 
stories high and 206 feet long, is situated on the bank 
of Charles river. Its grounds are extensive and 
beautifully ornamented. 

Among the places of worship, the following de- 
serve notice : the French Eo7nan Catholic Cathe- 
dral, east of the Market place, a neat building 216 
by 108 feet, with a spire ; Catholic Church of the 
Congregation, near the western termination of the 
esplanade ; Notre Dame des Victoires, erected in 
1690, on the Market place ; English Cathedral, 134 
by 73 feet, with a chime of 8 bells ; Holy Trinity, 
in Stanislaus street; St. Matthews, a free church; 
St Paul's; St. Patrick's, St. Helen street; Scotch 
Church, in St. Anne street; St. John's, in St. Fran- 
cis street; Methodist Church, St. Anne street, and 
another in Champlain street. 

The Citadel, over Cape Diamond, includes an area 
of about 40 acres ; and is formidable alike from its 
position and the extent of its works, constructed on a 
gigantic scale, and on the most approved principles. 
The Citadel contains the armory, magazine, storehouse 



QUEBEC. 153 

and barracks for the officers. The line of the forti- 
fications, which stretches nearly across the peninsula 
on the west, and runs along a ridge between the Up- 
per and Lower towns, is intersected by five gates, 
and has an inner circuit of about two and a half miles. 
On the west, beyond the ramparts, which are 25 or 
30 feet in height, are the extensive suburbs of St. 
Roche, St. Louis and St. John. Military parades 
take place daily on the great plain within the ram- 
parts. 

Dalhousie Gate, is the principal entrance to the 
citadel, which is 200 feet above the site of the Upper 
town, and is approached by a winding road up the 
glacis from St. Louis gate, which is defended by out- 
works of great strength. The main guard-rooms are 
immediately within the Dalhousie gate. From the 
bastion, which affords a splendid view of the city and 
its environs, cannon point in every direction. 

Palace Gate, which is near the barracks, with a 
guard-house adjoining, is a fine specimen of archi- 
tecture. 

Hope Gate conducts to the ascent of Cape Dia- 
mond on the east, on which point is the great battery 
of 32 pounders, which commands the basin and har- 
bor. This point is upwards of 300 feet above the St. 
Lawrence. 

Prescott Gate, on Mountain street, is the barrier 
between the Upper and Lower towns. It is connected 
with the castle of St. Louis. 

St. Louis' Gate opens the way to the Plains of 
Abraham, which are reached by a beautiful avenue, 
well lined with fine buildings. 

St. John's Gate leads to the suburb of St. John. 

Public Promenade, on the summit of the ramparts 
of Cape Diamond, is a wide covered way, which af- 
fords' a magnificent viev/ in all directions. 

Governor's Gardens, south-west of the ruins of St. 
Louis, occupy a field 540 by 210 feet, which is de- 
fended by a small battery. 



154 QUEBEC. 

Among the establishments for educational purpo« 
ses, the first place is due to the French college. It 
has a principal, and professors of theology, rhetoric, 
and mathematics, with 5 regents for the Latin and 
Greek classes. Here is, also, a royal grammar 
school, a classical academy, a national school, and 
many French and English private schools. A royal 
institution for the advancement of learning within 
the province, and a literary and historical society, 
respectively enjoy the patronage of the government 
and of the principal inhabitants. A mechanics* in- 
stitute was established in 1830 ; and it has numerous 
benevolent associations. The city public library, 
though not very extensive, is said to be well selected, 
and to contain a great variety of standard works. 
The garrison, also, has a good library. Several 
newspapers are published in the city. 

Though not a manufacturing town, Quebec has 
various distilleries, breweries, with tobacco, soap, 
and candle works; and numbers of fine ships have 
been launched from its yards. It has two or three 
banks and a savings bank. The markets are well 
stocked with most sorts of produce, except good fish, 
which is rather scarce and dear. 

The chmate, though on the whole good and healthy, 
is in extremes. In summer the heat is equal to that 
of Naples^ while the cold of winter is not inferior to 
that of Moscow. This inequahty occasions a corres- 
ponding difference in the modes of life during the dif- 
ferent seasons of the year. In winter traveUing is 
carried on by means of sledges and carrioles, in the 
same way as in Russia. The first view of Quebec, 
in sailing up the St. Lawrence, is striking in the ex- 
treme ; and travellers speak in high terms of the mag- 
nificent prospect from the citadel on Cape Diamond. 

The majority of the population being of French ex- 
traction, the French language, which is still spoken 
in some of the best circles with great propriety, and 
the Roman Catholic religion, predominate. Society 



QUEBEC. 155 

is here more polished and refined than in any other 
town of British America; and the higher provincial 
gentry of French descent are distinguished by the 
courteousness and urbanity of their manner. 

Vessels of the very largest burden arrive at Que- 
bec. Its harbor or basin, between the city and the 
island of New Orleans, is of great extent, having, 
in general, about 28 fathoms water, the tide rising 
from 16 to 18 feet at neaps, and from 25 to 30 feet 
at springs. Ships lie alongside the wharfs along the 
St. Lawrence. There are extensive flats between 
the lower town and the St. Charles, where, if it were 
deemed of importance, wet docks might be easily 
constructed. 

The trade of the city Is very extensive. It en- 
grosses almost the entire trade of the province with 
the mother country. West Indies, &c.; and is annu. 
ally resorted to by vast numbers of immigrants, who 
partly settle in Canada, but who mostly re-emigrate 
to the United States. It has a regular intercourse, 
by means of steamers, with Montreal, and other 
ports higher up the St. Lawrence, and with Hahfax, 
and other ports on the Atlantic. 

Quebec was taken from the Frenclj in 1759. A 
British army, under General Wolfe, having effected 
a landing near the city, attacked and defeated the 
French army, under Montcalm, on the heights of 
Abraham, to the W. of the town. Wolfe fell in the 
moment of victory; and Montcalm, who wf-s also 
mortally wounded in the action, expired soon after. 

The French, panic-struck by the loss of the battle 
and the death of their commander-in-chief, surren- 
dered the city before even a single battery had been 
opened against it. A monument was erected, under 
the patronage of Lord Dalhousie, in the gardens of 
the chateau, inscribed to the " Immortal memory of 
Wolfe and Montcalm." 



156 ROUTE FROM 

ENVIRONS OF QUEBEC. 

Falls of Montmorencie, a beautiful cataract of 
Montmorencie river, which falls into the St. Law- 
rence, 9 miles below Quebec. The perpendicular 
pitch is 246 feet ; and bein^^ in full view from the St. 
Lawrence, affords one of the most magnificent 
scenes in Canada. 

Island of Orleans, an island of the St. Law. 
rence, commences near the outlet of Montmorencie, 
and extends about 20 miles in a N. E. direction. It 
is well cultivated, and produces immense quantities 
of garden vegetables for the supply of the Quebec 
markets. The principal villages on the island arc, 
St. Pierre, St. Laurent, St. Jean, St. Famille, and 
St. Fiancois. 

Beaufort, a neat village, which commences 
about 5 miles N. E. from Quebec, and extends, in 
one continued street, to the Falls of Montmorencie. 

Charleshourg, six miles N. W., and New Lorette 
and Sonbrouze, about 10 miles west from Quebec, 
are neat villages, each having a church. Old Lo^ 
rette and St. Foi, the former 8 and the latter 6 miles 
S. W. from the city, are also pretty little towns. 

Chaudierre Falls, about 10 miles from Quebec, 
are in the Chaudierre river, which enters the south 
side of the St. Lawrence, 6 miles above the city. 

The falls, which descend 130 feet, are four miles 
from the mouth of the river. 

In descending the St. Lawrence from Quebec, the 
first object which attracts attention is Point Levy, 
surmounted by the little village of St. Joseph. Ten 
miles below are, St. Laurent, on the north, and 
Beaumont, on the south bank. These are succeeded 
by St. Michel, St. Vallier, and Berihier, (25 miles 
from Quebec,) all on the south side of the river ; 
which, at the latter place, is nearly 10 miles in width. 

Cape Tourment, 10 miles below the island of Or, 
leans, is an elevated bluff, 1,800 feet in height. 



MONTREAL TO KINGSTON. 157 

Jioute from Montreal to Kingston, and thence to 
Niagara, hy steamboat, ^c. 

La Chine, 8 

Cascades, 16 24 

Cedres, 7 31 

Coteau du Lac, 7 38 

Lake St. Francis, 4 42 

St. Regis, 22 64 

Cornwall, 6 70 

Long Saute Island, 10 80 

Chrysler's Field, 17 97 

Hamilton, 1 98 

Prescott 18 116 

Brockville, 14 130 

Kingston, 48 178 

Oswego, 58 236 

Coburg, 74 310 

Port Hope, 36 346 

Toronto, 66 412 

Niagara Village, 30 442 

Queenston, 7 449 

Falls of Niagara, 6 455 

La Chine, a town of Montreal island, and one 
of the principal seats of the fur trade, situated near 
the f~^ E. point of the island, at the commencement 
of th^ canal around the La Chine rapids. 

Cascades, a part of the St. Lawrence, which 
being greatly reduced in breadth by the intervention 
of an island and a point that bear this name, presents a 
most tumultuous appearance. The dangers of this 
pass are avoided by a small canal which has been 
cut across the point leading into lake St. Louis. 

Cedres, a small village of Vaudreuil, on the St, 
Lawrence, opposite the rapids of "Les Cedres." 

Coteau da Lac, rapids of the St. Lawrence, 
which are overcome by a series of locks. The vil- 
lage of Coteau du Lac is on the north bank of the 
river, near the rapids. 

14 



158 ROUTE FROM 

Lake St. Francis, an expansion of the St. LaW» 
rence, about 30 miles in length, with a mean width 
of 4 miles. At the head of the lake is St. Regis, an In- 
dian village, situated on the St. Lawrence, just above 
the boundary line between New York and Canada. 

Cornwall, a village of Stermont, Canada West, 
situated on the north bank of the St. Lawrence. 

Long Sant Island, in the St. Lawrence. 

Chrysler^s Field. — Here the Americans were de- 
feated by a British force, under Col. Pearson, Nov. 
11, 1813. 

Hamilton, a village of St. Lawrence county. 
New York. 

Frescott, a village of Greenville, Canada West, 
situated nearly opposite Ogdensburg. 

Brockville, a flourishing town and seat of jus- 
tice for Jjceds county, Canada West. 

Kingston, a large and important town of west- 
ern Canada, which occupies tht? site of old fort Fron- 
tenac, at the outlet of lake Ontario, opposite Grand 
island. It was laid out in 1784, and is now the most 
populous in the province, having about 3,0(10 inhab- 
itants, its situation, as an entrep6t between Canada 
and the United States, is very advantageous. The 
harbor is excellent, and admits vessels of the largest 
size. Its public buildings are, 4 churches, a court 
house, jail, hospital, and some others. The Rideau 
canal, the most extensive and costly work in British 
America, commences here, and extends in a general 
N. E. direction to Bytown, on the Ottawa, a distance 
of 129i miles. 

Oswego, an incorporated village and seatof jus- 
tice of Oswego county, situated on lake Ontario, at 
the mouth of Oswego river. Besides the court house 
and other county buildings, there are, 7 churches, a 
custom house, 2 banks, an academy, and about 600 
other buildings, including 2 cotton factories, 7 flour- 
ing mills, tan yard, morocco factory, 2 iron foundries, 
6 machine shops, a snuff factory, pla-^ter, planing, and 



MONTREAL TO KlJTGSTOPr. 159 

saw mills, 2 ship yards, <<r-c. Tiie town and harbor 
are defended by fort Ontario, situated on the right 
bank of the river, at its confluence with lake Ontario. 
The site of old fort Oswego, which was on the oppo- 
site side of the river, is now occupied by a ship yard, 
a marine railway, and warehouses. The Oswefro 
canal extends hence to Syracuse, a distance of 38 
miles, where it intersects the Erie canal. 

Osv/ego, which has a population of not less than 
5,000, is the most populous and commercial town on 
the shore of lake Ontario, and its manufactures are 
vast and various. The Oswego river affords an al- 
most unlimited water power, which is employed by 
many of the factories and workshops ; and its means 
of inter-communication are not less important. 

Cohurg and Port Hope are two small villages of 
Newcastle district, Canada West. 

Tor9nto, formerly the seat of government for 
Upper Canada, is beautifully situated within an ex- 
cellent harbor, formed by a peninsula, which con- 
fines a basin of water sufficiently capacious to con- 
tain a large fleet. It was originally called York, 
which name was changed to that of Toronto a short 
tinte prior to the late disturbances in Canada, which 
at once deprived the place of its consequence as the 
scat of government, and also led to the abolition of the 
constitutional system, which, until then, had been in 
operation. 

Niagara Village, a small settlement and fort on 
the west bank of Niagara river, at its «ntrance into 
lake Ontario. 

Queenston, a small viMage of Niagara district, 
Canada West, situated on Niagara river, nearly op- 
posite to Lewistown. 

The battle of Queenston, in which the British 
General, Brock, was killed, October 13, 1812, was 
fought on the heights near the village, upon which a 
monument to the memory of Brock has been erected. 

Niagara Falls.f 



INDEX 



A PAGE. 

Acquackanonk. 42 

Albany 57 

Albany, routes from 59 

Albion 77 

Alden 68 

Alexandria 83 

Amsterdam 60 

Angelica 106 

Antwerp 102 

Argyle 88 

Astoria 24 

Athens 55 

Attica 68 

Avon springs 107 

Auburn ,... 63 

B 

Baie 148 

Baker's falls 85 

Ballston lake 80 

Ballston Spa 79 

Barnegat 52 

Batavia 67 

Bath 108 

Batiscon 149 

Beaufort 156 

Beaumont 156 

Bedford ... 25 

Bedlov/'s island 29 

Bemu's heights 89 

Bergen 67 

Bergen, N.Y 72 



PAGE. 

Berthier 156 

Bingliamton 104 

Blackrock 69 

Bloomingdale 28 

Booneville 100 

Bordentown 30 

Boston 115 

Boucherville 147 

Bridgeport 118 

Bridgeport 64 

Brighton 26 

Bristol 39 

Bristol 54 

Brockport 77 

Brockville 158 

Brooklyn 23 

Brownville 101 

Buffalo 68 

Buffalo, routes from 109 

Bull's ferry 44 

BurHngton 91 

Burlington, N. J. ... 30 
C 

Cohoes falls 74 

Caledonia 106 

Caldwell 82 

Caldwell's landing.. 49 

Camillus 63 

CJanaan falls 119 

Canada, general view 120 

Canajoharie 74 

14* 



162 



INDEX. 



PAGE. 

Canals of N.Y 10 

Canandaigua 65 

Cape Tourment 156 

Cape Sante 149 

Cascades 157 

Cayastota 75 

Canterbury 118' 

Carthage 102 

Castle Williams 29 

Caughnewaga 60 

CatskiU 55 

Cayuga 64 

Cayuga lake 64 

Cedres 157 

Charlesbourg 156 

Chatham 4 

Charlton 95 

Four Corners 93 

Chaudiere falls 156 

Chenango forks 104 

Cherry Valley 90 

Chester 94 

Chester, N.J 40 

Chittenango 75 

Chrysler's field 158 

Churchville 67 

Champlain 149 

Cleveland 109 

Clyde 76 

Coeymans 56 

Coburg 159 

Cold Spring 50 

Columbiaville 56 

Columbus 53 

Conneaut 109 

Connecticut river.... 114 

Coney island 25 

Cooperstovi'ii 91 



PAQEi 

Coteau du Lac 157 

Cornwall 119 

Cornwall Con 158 

Cortland 92 

Coxsackie 56 

Crooked lake 65 

Croton 47 

Croton aqueduct .... 47 

Croton river 47 

Crown point 85 

D 

Dalton 94 

Dansville 107 

Dechambault 149 

Dekalb 102 

Denmark 100 

Deruvter 92 

Detroit IIU 

D'.bb's ferry 45 

Duanesburg 90 

Dunkirk 109 

E 

Earlville 103 

Easton 88 

Easton, Pa 41 

Eddyville 54 

Elbridge..... 63 

Elizabethtown 32 

Elizabethport 29 

Erie 109 

Esperance 90 

Essex 86 

F 

Fairport 77 

Falkner's islands.... 114 

Fishkill 51 

Flatbush 25 

Flushing 24 



I5DEX. 



163 



PAOE. 

iF'lushing bay 113 

Fonda 67 

Fort Ann 90 

Fort Clinton 49 

Fort Edward 89 

Fort Hamilton 25 

Fort Lee 44 

Fort Miller 89 

Fort Montgomery ... 49 

Fort Plain 74 

Fort Schlosser 70 

Fortsville 81 

Framingham 95 

Frankfort 74 

Fredonia Ill 

Fultonville 74 

G 

Geddes 75 

Genesee falls 67 

Geneseo 307 

Geneva 65 

German Valley 40 

Glasgow 54 

Glenn's falls 82 

Glenville 60 

Gravesend 25 

Gregoire 148 

Grondines 149 

Granville 88 

Greenbush 57 

Greene 104 

H 

Hamburg 52 

Hamburg Ill 

Hamilton 103 

Hamilton, Con 158 

Harlem 28 

Harsimus... 27 



PAGE. 

Hartford, N.J 88 

Hartford, Con 120 

Hastings 45 

Haverstraw 47 

Hell Gate 112 

Henrietta 107 

Herkimer 62 

Herkimer bridge ... . 74 

Highlands ....; 48 

Hightstown 30 

Hoboken 27 

Holly 77 

Hudson 55 

Hudson river 43 

Hulberton 77 

Hyde Park 53 

I 

Irving Ill 

Ithaca 92 

J 

Jamaica 24 

Jersey City 27 

Jessup's falls 82 

Jewett's City 118 

Jordan 75 

K 

Kent 119 

Kinderhook 93 

Kinderhook landing 56 

Kingsbridge 45 

Kingsbury 85 

Kingston 115 

Kingston, Con 158 

I Kingston 54 

Knowlesville 77 

L 
La Chine 157 



164 



IJ»DEX. 



PAG.E 

Lake George 82 

Lake St. Francis.... 158 

Lake St. Peter 148 

La Prairie 87 

Lancaster 68 

Lansingburg 87 

Lenox 62 

Liberty ]08 

Little falls 6i 

Liverpool 149 

Lockport 78 

Lodi 75 

Long island sound... 113 

Lorette 156 

Long Saut island ... 158 

Lotbiniere 149 

Lowville 100 

Lyons 76 

M 

Madison 103 

Manhattanville 28 

Manlius Centre 75 

Martinsburg 100 

Matouchin 34 

Mansfield 41 

Marlboro' 52 

JMartinsville 50 

Matteawan 51 

Mechanicsville 89 

Medina 77 

Meriden 120 

Mendham 40 

Middieport 77 

Middletown 24 

Milton 52 

Montezuma 76 

Montmorenci 156 

Montreal 143 

Montreal, rts. frm. 84-147 I 



PAGE. 

Morganville 67 

Morristown 40 

Moscow 106 

Mount Morris 106 

N 

Newark, N. .T 31 

Newark. N Y 76 

New Baltimore 56 

New Boston 75 

New Brunswick 34 

Newburg 50 

New Hartford 103 

New Haven 119 

New Haven harbor. ] 14 
New London, Con.. 117 
New London, N. Y. 75 
New Paltz landing . 53 

New Milford 118 

New Rochelle land'g 113 

Newtown, Con 118 

Newtown 24 

New Windsor 50 

New Utrecht 25 

New York State, gen- 
eral view 5 

New York city 14 

New Y., routes from 112 

Niagara falls 70 

Niagara village 159 

Noraye 148 

Norwich 104 

Norwich, Con 117 

Nunda Valley 106 

Nyack 46 

O 

Ogdensburg 102 

Olean 106 

Clean, routes from... 106 
Oriskany 75 



SWDE*. 



1 05 



PAGE. 

Orleans island 156 

Oswego 158 

Dwasco lake 63 

Oxford 104 

Oxford, Mass 118 

P 
Palatine bridge ...... 61 

Palisades 44 

Palmer 94 

Palmyra 76 

Paris Hill 103 

Passaic falls 42 

PeekskiU 49 

Pendleton 78 

Pelham 53 

Piermont 45 

Pine Orchard 55 

Pittsfield 93 

Perth Amboy ^9 

Pittsford 77 

Plattsburg 86 

Point du Lac 148 

Point Levy 156 

Port Byron 76 

Port Gibson 76 

Port Hope 159 

Port Kent 86 

Poughkeepsie 52 

Prescott 158 

Princeton 35 

Providence 115 

Q 

Quebec 149 

Quebec, environs of 149 
Queenston 159 

R 

Rahway 33 

Railroads of N. Y. . 9 
Hed Hook landing... 54 



pAge 

Remsen 100 

Rhynbeck 53 

Richmond 93 

Robins Reef. 29 

Rochester 66 

Rochester, rts. from 105 

Rockaway 25 

Rome 62 

Round lake 80 

Rouse's Point 86 

S 

St. Pierre 156 

St. Laurent 156 

St. Jean 156 

St. Frangois 156 

St. Foi 156 

St. Joseph 156 

St. Michel 156 

St. Vallief 156 

St. Regis 158 

St. Augustine 149 

St. Nicolas 149 

St. Anne 149 

St. Croix 149 

St. John's 87 

St. Francis 148 

St. Johnsville 61 

St. Pierre 149 

St. Isabelle 148 

St. Sulpice 148 

Sacketi'3 Harbor.... lOl 

Sandy Hill ;.... 84 

Sandusky 110 

Saratoga lake 81 

Saratoga springs 80 

Saugerties 54 

Schagiicoke 88 

Schodack 56 

Schenectady GO 



lee 



tNl>E2t. 



PACK. 

Schooley's Mt. Spr. 41 

SchuylersvilJe 89 

Scottsville lOG 

SenecaLake 64 

Sharon Springs 90 

Sherburne 103 

Sleepy Hollow 46 

Smyrna 93 

Sing Sing 46 

Somerville 102 

South Amboy 29 

Sonbrouze 156 

Spencersville 77 

Springfield 94 

Spotswood 30 

Spuyton Duyvei Crk. 45 

Stamford 113 

Statesburg 53 

Stillwater 89 

Stonington 114 

Stony Point 48 

Stratford Point 113 

Syracuse 62 

T 

Tappan 46 

Tappan Sea 46 

Tarrytown 46 

Tellers Point 47 

Thames River 114 

Thompson 118 

Three Rivers 148 

Throg's Point 113 

Ticonderoga 83 

TivoU 54 

Tompkinsville 26 

Tonawanda 69 

Toronto 159 

Trenton 100 

Trenton, N.J 37 



PAGE 

Tripe's Hill 60 

Troy 95 

Troy, routes from ... 97 

Truxiun 92 

Turin 100 

U 

Utica 98 

Utica, routes from ... 100 

V 

Valtrie 148 

Varennes 148 

Verplanck's City .... 48 

Victor 66 

Vienna -.-.i 65 

W 

Wallingford 120 

Warren 94 

Washington, Mass.. 94 

Waterford 83 

Waterloo 64 

Watertown 100 

Waterville 103 

Wehawken 28 

Westfield Ill 

Westport 85 

Westchester 28 

West Point 49 

West Sprinofield.... 94 
West Stockbridge... 119 

West Troy 73 

Whitehall 85 

Whitesboro' 62 

Williarnsbarg 23 

WiUiam Henry 148 

Worcester 95 

Y 

Yamaska 148 

Yonkers 45 



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153 Broadway, three doors ahove l^iberty st* 

HAS RECENTLT PUBLISHED, AND FOK SALE, 

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ted States, and every State and Territory in the 
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A Description op the Canals and Railroads of the United 
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